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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Absorption and emission cross section of Er/sup 3+/ doped silica fibers

William L. Barnes, Richard I. Laming, E.J. Tarbox, P.R. Morkel

Published Apr 1, 1991• 302 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A detailed set of measurements is presented on determining the emission and absorption cross sections of Er/sup 3+/ doped fibers for the /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ to /sup 4/I/sub 15/2/ transition. Two techniques are employed: the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg analysis, based on spectroscopic data, and a more direct technique involving optical saturation of the transition. The cross sections, and in particular their ratio, are significantly different for the two techniques. Possible reasons for this are discussed, and it is concluded that the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg approach is inappropriate in this situation.>

DOI
10.1109/3.83335

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We report the study of the excited-state absorption (ESA) spectrum of Er3+ in erbium-doped silica fiber (EF) within the telecom band, 1.48–1.59μm. Two experimental techniques, the detection of up-conversion emission following the ESA process and the measurement of the EF nonlinear transmission coefficient, both supplied with a theoretical background, allow obtaining a mutually consistent spectral behavior of the ESA parameter, which is the ratio of ESA to ground-state absorption cross section, at 1.48–1.59μm excitation.

Applied Physics Letters•May 12, 2008•40 citations
A detailed set of measurements is presented on determining the emission and absorption cross sections of Er/sup 3+/ doped fibers for the /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ to /sup 4/I/sub 15/2/ transition. Two techniques are employed: the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg analysis, based on spectroscopic data, and a more direct technique involving optical saturation of the transition. The cross sections, and in particular their ratio, are significantly different for the two techniques. Possible reasons for this are discussed, and it is concluded that the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg approach is inappropriate in this situation.>
We have applied the theory of McCumber to the (4)4I(13/2) ? (4)I(15/2) transition of Er(3+) -doped glasses and confirmed its ability to provide both spectra and accurate values of cross sections. For an Al/P-silica fiber, the exact McCumber treatment is within 3% of the measured emission cross section, whereas an Einstein analysis is off by >50%. An approximate treatment that eliminates the McCumber theory's requirement of detailed electronic structure has been developed and found to usually provide more accurate values than an Einstein analysis.
An application to transitions involving thermalized states of a procedure based on the McCumber theory to determine emission and absorption cross sections in waveguides from transversal fluorescence spectra is presented. The procedure is tested in Er-doped Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides to provide accurate cross-section values for the recently attractive 550-nm band. We also study the excited-state absorption transition around 860 nm and present, to our knowledge, the first published cross-section values for this transition.
A method for the measurement of the quotient of the emission and absorption cross section of erbium-doped fibers is presented which utilizes the spontaneous emission perpendicular to the fiber axis. The maximum population of the first excited state achievable through illumination by signal light (/spl lambda//sub s/=1530 nm) is fixed by the quotient of the absorption and the emission cross section. This fact is used to determine the desired quotient. First measurements show that this method is very simple and highly accurate.>
A study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53- mu m transition (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) developed from a semiclassical theoretical description is presented. Expressions for the emission cross section sigma /sub e/( lambda ) and absorption cross section sigma /sub a/( lambda ) of erbium:glass as a quasi-three-level laser system with Stark-split sublevel manifolds are derived. The results are used to calculate the cross sections of aluminosilicate erbium-doped fibers at low temperatures (T=4.2, 77 K) and at room temperature. It is demonstrated that an expression for the gain coefficient of the fiber amplifier can be derived from the expression of the susceptibility. Using Kramers-Kronig relations, an expression for the refractive index change in the fiber is derived. The theoretical spectral gain profile of the fiber amplifier and concurrent refractive index changes are analyzed for different pumping regimes.>
A novel measurement system provides determination of pump induced phase shifts in erbium doped fibers with an accuracy of /spl sim//spl pi//20. Using this system, a systematical analysis of the pump induced modulation of the refractive index and dispersions for a signal at 1550 nm and a pump at 980 nm is reported. The analysis contains measurements of pump induced refractive index changes as function of wavelength, pump power, and doping concentration. A model taking account of the contribution to the refractive index changes from optical transitions between /sup 4/I/sub 15/2/ states and /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ states in Er/sup 3+/ yields good agreement to experimental results apart from a wavelength independent offset. The offset is interpreted to originate from high energetic optical transitions. The results show that for a large refractive index modulation, a short and highly doped fiber should be used with limited amplified spontaneous emission effect. In optical communication systems comprising erbium doped fiber amplifiers, a tradeoff between dispersion and amplification must be made.
We report the study of the excited-state absorption (ESA) spectrum of Er3+ in erbium-doped silica fiber (EF) within the telecom band, 1.48–1.59μm. Two experimental techniques, the detection of up-conversion emission following the ESA process and the measurement of the EF nonlinear transmission coefficient, both supplied with a theoretical background, allow obtaining a mutually consistent spectral behavior of the ESA parameter, which is the ratio of ESA to ground-state absorption cross section, at 1.48–1.59μm excitation.