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Electronics Letters

Measurement technique for pump and signal background absorptionof erbium doped fibres

Herwig Zech

Published Jun 6, 1996• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The measurement technique described in the original article [see ibid., vol. 31, p. 1866-7 (1996)] determines an effective absorption constant /spl alpha//sub eff/ summarising all nonsaturable absorption effects as fibre background absorption, pair induced quenching, and excited state absorption. We have shown that /spl alpha//sub e/ff) is very well suited for a comparison between theory and experiment for erbium doped fibre amplifiers. No further information about the relative strength of each effect is needed.

DOI
10.1049/el:19960747

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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters•Jul 1, 1991•3 citations
The measurement technique described in the original article [see ibid., vol. 31, p. 1866-7 (1996)] determines an effective absorption constant /spl alpha//sub eff/ summarising all nonsaturable absorption effects as fibre background absorption, pair induced quenching, and excited state absorption. We have shown that /spl alpha//sub e/ff) is very well suited for a comparison between theory and experiment for erbium doped fibre amplifiers. No further information about the relative strength of each effect is needed.
A method for the measurement of the quotient of the emission and absorption cross section of erbium-doped fibers is presented which utilizes the spontaneous emission perpendicular to the fiber axis. The maximum population of the first excited state achievable through illumination by signal light (/spl lambda//sub s/=1530 nm) is fixed by the quotient of the absorption and the emission cross section. This fact is used to determine the desired quotient. First measurements show that this method is very simple and highly accurate.>
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) can very efficiently convert pump to signal energy. Quantum efficiencies higher than 80 % with 1.48 pm pump [1], and 93% when pumped at 980 nm [2] are reported. However, even higher values should be theoretically possible for an ideal EDFA. Various physical effects may lead to quantum efficiency (QE) reduction. Not all of them are quite well understood yet. At Erbium concentrations above 100 ppm by weight the pump loss is partly explained by energy transfer between two excited ions resulting in upcon- version process [3]. At low concentrations Excited-State Absorption (ESA) could be a more significant effect reducing QE. ESA of photons from 1.5 |im band have been predicted from absorption measurements [4] and also observed [5]. However, to our knowledge, no quantitative analysis has been made which would distinguish between the contributions of ESA and two-particle upconversion when measurements of short wavelength luminescence were performed.
Strong interest in heavily doped erbium-doped waveguides1 and in the applications of heavily doped erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) in lasers has resulted in several recent studies of collective processes in erbium ions. Rapid cross relaxation within a fraction of clustered ions, called pair-induced quenching (PIQ), has been identified as the main cause of EDF performance degradation.2-4 To date, studies on the dependence of EDF performance on ion concentration have been focused on pair/cluster-induced nonsaturable absorption of EDFs,2 which leads to the reduced quantum efficiency (QE) of EDF lasers.4 Recently, detailed theoretical analysis of the effect of PIQ on the performance of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) has also been reported.4
Ion clustering is one of the major dissipative processes in the operation of Er(3+)-doped planar waveguide amplifiers and heavily doped fiber amplifiers. We propose and demonstrate a nondestructive method for measuring the fraction of erbium ions in doped planar waveguides and fibers that are quenched by ultrafast parasitic energy transfer in ion pairs or clusters. The method is based on unsaturable absorption measurements in the 980-nm absorption band. By combining transmission data at resonance with the corresponding data for radiation outside the absorption band, the influence of background and coupling losses can be eliminated.