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Physica Scripta

Quantum dialogue using non-maximally entangled states based on entanglement swapping

Yan Xia, Jie Song, He‐Shan Song

Published Sep 5, 2007• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a secure quantum dialogue protocol using non-maximally entangled two-particle states via entanglement swapping at first, and then discuss the requirements for a real quantum dialogue. Within the present version two authorized users can exchange their faithful secret messages securely and simultaneously based on the method of entanglement purification.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/76/4/014

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We present a secure quantum dialogue protocol using non-maximally entangled two-particle states via entanglement swapping at first, and then discuss the requirements for a real quantum dialogue. Within the present version two authorized users can exchange their faithful secret messages securely and simultaneously based on the method of entanglement purification.
A protocol for quantum dialogue is proposed to exchange directly the communicator's secret messages by using a three-dimensional Bell state and a two-dimensional Bell state as quantum channel with quantum superdence coding, local collective unitary operations, and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, during the process of transmission of particles, the transmitted particles do not carry any secret messages and are transmitted only one time. The protocol has higher source capacity than protocols using symmetric two-dimensional states. The security is ensured by the unitary operations randomly performed on all checking groups before the particle sequence is transmitted and the application of entanglement swapping.
We propose a new quantum dialogue protocol based on non-maximally entangled Bell states. With single-qubit unitary operation, CNOT gate and the Positive Operator Valued Measure (POVM) technology, a quantum dialogue with certain capacity, can be implemented between two users Alice and Bob. This protocol firstly generalizes the quantum dialogue to a more general scenario which uses non-maximally entangled states as the quantum channel. Security analysis shows that our protocol can resist several well-known security issues. Moreover, it is simple and feasible with current techniques, and it demonstrates a good scalability.
A lot of authenticated quantum dialogue protocols are springing up. Many of them have the problem of information leakage, or suffer from Man-In-The-Middle attack. Some protocols can guarantee security, but have relatively low efficiency. Based on the above situation, we present a novel authenticated quantum dialogue protocol by using Bell states and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, we adopt Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs to detect eavesdropping and transmit secret messages. We employ polarized photons to achieve authentication of users' identity information. Compared with other quantum dialogue schemes with authentication, our protocol has several advantages. The transmitted particles are passed once and do not carry any secret messages. The proposed protocol can overcome the drawback of information leakage and resist against typical attacks. The efficiency is acceptable.