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Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics

The theory of the optical Autler-Townes effect in sodium

W A McClean, S. Swain

Published Apr 1, 1977• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Feneuille and Schweighofer (1975) have used a three-level model to discuss the observation of the Autler-Townes effect in a two-step resonance experiment. A numerical investigation is presented in which the effect of the neighbouring non-resonant hyperfine levels is taken into account. Firstly all the levels are treated as non-degenerate, and then degeneracy is allowed for. It is found that both the inclusion of the neighbouring states and allowance for their degeneracy cause a large change in the expected upper-state population, especially at high light intensities. It is concluded that the resonant three-level model is a poor model in this situation.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3700/10/5/005

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Conditions for the observation of the Autler-Townes effect in a two step resonance experiment

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The object of this paper is to derive theoretically the conditions for the observation of the Autler-Townes splitting in a two step resonance experiment involving the simultaneous effects of two visible monochromatic radiations in a three-level system. First, the three-level system is considered at rest and optical pumping to other levels is ignored; in this case, the problem is solved analytically. Following this case, optical pumping effects are taken into account. Finally, one considers a collection of identical three-level systems in a cell, the two light beams traveling either in the same direction or in two opposite directions. In this latter case, the problem is practically identical to the one for a three-level system at rest.

Journal de physique•Jan 1, 1975•52 citations

The optical autler-townes effect in doppler-broadened three-level systems

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Some features of the optical Autler-Townes effect as observed in Doppler-broadened three-level systems, including the physical significance of the observed line splitting, the conditions for the observation of the doublet, the doublet separation and the detuning effects, are discussed in this paper. A graphical illustration of the phenomenon, based on a search for on-resonance velocity groups, is proposed which allows a complete qualitative discussion of the effect and shows that the observed doublet is not really a splitting of the resonance as for the atom at rest but rather corresponds to a frequency hole where the laser probe does not see any resonant velocity group. The method is applied to real three-level systems of neon as typical cases. A semi-classical density-matrix calculation is performed numerically and definitely confirms the results of the qualitative graphical discussion ; furthermore it shows that, for many experimental situations, the first order approximation is inadequate. The observation of the Autler-Townes doublet in a new experiment using two dye lasers is reported. The experimental results and that of one of our previous experiments are compared with the theoretical predictions ; the agreement is quite satisfactory.

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Direct observation of the Autler-Townes effect in the optical range

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A two-step optical resonance experiment, which realizes the optical analogue of the Autler-Townes experiment, has been performed on a sodium atomic beam excited by two CW narrow-band dye lasers. An intense laser radiation was locked to a component of the D 2 resonance line while a weak laser radiation probed an upper connected transition. A dynamic Stark splitting of the probe transition was clearly observed for various intensities of the strong resonant radiation.

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Hyperfine interaction in the Autler-Townes effect: The formation of bright, dark, and chameleon states

Teodora Kirova, A. Cinins, Dmitry K. Efimov +6 more

This paper is devoted to clarifying the implications of hyperfine (HF) interaction in the formation of adiabatic (i.e., ``laser-dressed'') states and their expression in the Autler-Townes (AT) spectra. We first use the Morris-Shore model [J. R. Morris and B. W. Shore, Phys. Rev. A 27, 906 (1983)] to illustrate how bright and dark states are formed in a simple reference system where closely spaced energy levels are coupled to a single state with a strong laser field with the respective Rabi frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$. We then expand the simulations to realistic hyperfine level systems in Na atoms for a more general case when non-negligible HF interaction can be treated as a perturbation in the total system Hamiltonian. A numerical analysis of the adiabatic states that are formed by coupling of the $3{p}_{3/2}$ and $4{d}_{5/2}$ states by the strong laser field and probed by a weak laser field on the $3{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}3{p}_{3/2}$ transition yielded two important conclusions. Firstly, the perturbation introduced by the HF interaction leads to the observation of what we term ``chameleon'' states---states that change their appearance in the AT spectrum, behaving as bright states at small to moderate ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$, and fading from the spectrum similarly to dark states when ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$ is much larger than the HF splitting of the $3{p}_{3/2}$ state. Secondly, excitation by the probe field from two different HF levels of the ground state allows one to address orthogonal sets of adiabatic states; this enables, with appropriate choice of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$ and the involved quantum states, a selective excitation of otherwise unresolved hyperfine levels in excited electronic states.

Physical Review A•Oct 26, 2017•11 citations

Time-dependent aspects of the Autler-Townes effect in a four-level system

Kariman I. Osman, S. Swain

Time-dependent optical Autler-Townes spectra are calculated for a four-level system in which the ground state is a doublet with frequency separation much larger than any of the Rabi frequencies. The finite linewidths of the lasers are taken into account in the phase-diffusion model. Optical-pumping effects cause a transfer of population with a resulting significant change in the spectra with time. Numerically evaluated spectra are presented, and it is found that the nature of the asymmetry can change drastically with time.

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The Autler-Townes effect in an optical pumping experiment

Helmut Bechtel, D. Fick

Using a laser RF double-resonance technique optical Autler-Townes splitting was observed for 23 Na atoms. Despite the complicated level structure of the optical pumping scheme the main features of the data can be understood in terms of a three-level system. The interpretation of the experiment is useful in the production of highly nuclear-spin-polarised alkali-metal atomic beams by optical pumping.

Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics•May 14, 1987•1 citation
Feneuille and Schweighofer (1975) have used a three-level model to discuss the observation of the Autler-Townes effect in a two-step resonance experiment. A numerical investigation is presented in which the effect of the neighbouring non-resonant hyperfine levels is taken into account. Firstly all the levels are treated as non-degenerate, and then degeneracy is allowed for. It is found that both the inclusion of the neighbouring states and allowance for their degeneracy cause a large change in the expected upper-state population, especially at high light intensities. It is concluded that the resonant three-level model is a poor model in this situation.
The object of this paper is to derive theoretically the conditions for the observation of the Autler-Townes splitting in a two step resonance experiment involving the simultaneous effects of two visible monochromatic radiations in a three-level system. First, the three-level system is considered at rest and optical pumping to other levels is ignored; in this case, the problem is solved analytically. Following this case, optical pumping effects are taken into account. Finally, one considers a collection of identical three-level systems in a cell, the two light beams traveling either in the same direction or in two opposite directions. In this latter case, the problem is practically identical to the one for a three-level system at rest.
Some features of the optical Autler-Townes effect as observed in Doppler-broadened three-level systems, including the physical significance of the observed line splitting, the conditions for the observation of the doublet, the doublet separation and the detuning effects, are discussed in this paper. A graphical illustration of the phenomenon, based on a search for on-resonance velocity groups, is proposed which allows a complete qualitative discussion of the effect and shows that the observed doublet is not really a splitting of the resonance as for the atom at rest but rather corresponds to a frequency hole where the laser probe does not see any resonant velocity group. The method is applied to real three-level systems of neon as typical cases. A semi-classical density-matrix calculation is performed numerically and definitely confirms the results of the qualitative graphical discussion ; furthermore it shows that, for many experimental situations, the first order approximation is inadequate. The observation of the Autler-Townes doublet in a new experiment using two dye lasers is reported. The experimental results and that of one of our previous experiments are compared with the theoretical predictions ; the agreement is quite satisfactory.
This paper is devoted to clarifying the implications of hyperfine (HF) interaction in the formation of adiabatic (i.e., ``laser-dressed'') states and their expression in the Autler-Townes (AT) spectra. We first use the Morris-Shore model [J. R. Morris and B. W. Shore, Phys. Rev. A 27, 906 (1983)] to illustrate how bright and dark states are formed in a simple reference system where closely spaced energy levels are coupled to a single state with a strong laser field with the respective Rabi frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$. We then expand the simulations to realistic hyperfine level systems in Na atoms for a more general case when non-negligible HF interaction can be treated as a perturbation in the total system Hamiltonian. A numerical analysis of the adiabatic states that are formed by coupling of the 3p3/23{p}_{3/2}3p3/2​ and 4d5/24{d}_{5/2}4d5/2​ states by the strong laser field and probed by a weak laser field on the $3{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}3{p}_{3/2}$ transition yielded two important conclusions. Firstly, the perturbation introduced by the HF interaction leads to the observation of what we term ``chameleon'' states---states that change their appearance in the AT spectrum, behaving as bright states at small to moderate ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$, and fading from the spectrum similarly to dark states when ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$ is much larger than the HF splitting of the 3p3/23{p}_{3/2}3p3/2​ state. Secondly, excitation by the probe field from two different HF levels of the ground state allows one to address orthogonal sets of adiabatic states; this enables, with appropriate choice of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{S}$ and the involved quantum states, a selective excitation of otherwise unresolved hyperfine levels in excited electronic states.
Time-dependent optical Autler-Townes spectra are calculated for a four-level system in which the ground state is a doublet with frequency separation much larger than any of the Rabi frequencies. The finite linewidths of the lasers are taken into account in the phase-diffusion model. Optical-pumping effects cause a transfer of population with a resulting significant change in the spectra with time. Numerically evaluated spectra are presented, and it is found that the nature of the asymmetry can change drastically with time.