This paper designs quantum testing circuit to detect intermediate malicious node and achieve message integrity in the distributed quantum computing. The proposed mechanism has several improvements shown as follows. The random key generation between Alice and Bob such that an attack cannot break this deriving process. Local unitary operations and quantum teleportation in the entangled particles can be used to transfer quantum information in a secure way. For intermediate node has no capability to differentiate which qubit is quantum superposition state or quantum entangled state. In regard to node detection, the receiver has the capability to judge whether intermediate node is honest or not by using quantum testing circuit. Based on this physical property, quantum circuit could be detect malicious node and achieve message integrity. The proposed circuit is scalable.
This paper designs quantum testing circuit to detect intermediate malicious node and achieve message integrity in the distributed quantum computing. The proposed mechanism has several improvements shown as follows. The random key generation between Alice and Bob such that an attack cannot break this deriving process. Local unitary operations and quantum teleportation in the entangled particles can be used to transfer quantum information in a secure way. For intermediate node has no capability to differentiate which qubit is quantum superposition state or quantum entangled state. In regard to node detection, the receiver has the capability to judge whether intermediate node is honest or not by using quantum testing circuit. Based on this physical property, quantum circuit could be detect malicious node and achieve message integrity. The proposed circuit is scalable.
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes may be deployed in the hostile areas. The eavesdropper can intercept the messages in the public channel and the communication between the nodes is easily monitored. Furthermore, any malicious intermediate node can act as a legal receiver to alter the passing messages. Hence, message protection and sensor node identification become important issues in WSN. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme providing unconditional secure communication based on the quantum characteristics, including no-cloning and teleportation. We present a random EPR-pair allocation scheme that is designed to overcome the vulnerability caused by possible compromised nodes. EPR pairs are pre-assigned to sensor nodes randomly and the entangled qubits are used by the nodes with the quantum teleportation scheme to form a secure link. We also show a scheme on how to resist the man-in-the-middle attack. In the framework, the qubits are allocated to each node before deployment and the adversary is unable to create the duplicated nodes. Even if the malicious nodes are added to the network to falsify the messages transmitting in the public channel, the legal nodes can easily detect the fake nodes that have no entangled qubits and verify the counterfeit messages. In addition, we prove that one node sharing EPR pairs with a certain amount of neighbor nodes can teleport information to any node in the sensor network if there are sufficient EPR pairs in the qubits pool. The proposal shows that the distributed quantum wireless sensor network gains better security than classical wireless sensor network and centralized quantum wireless network.
In the wireless communication network, transmitting messages from sender to receiver may traverse several intermediate nodes. Any eavesdropper can attack in the communication channel, and any malicious intermediate node can act as receiver to intercept the message. The secure routing path must solve channel attacks and attacks in the malicious node. In the classical field, the solution of the channel attacks is conditional security and we can not provide secure communication in the routing path from sender to receiver. In the quantum field, the security of the authentication protocol is based on the laws of nature, including no-cloning theorem and quantum teleportation. According to the property of no-cloning theorem and quantum teleportation, we can use the shared quantum entangled particles between communicators for liar detection problem. In the quantum cryptography, the security of the authentication protocol is unconditional security. This paper designs the two-way secure communication protocol, which can set up the secure routing path from sender to receiver. The two-way secure communication protocol includes the sender oriented checking and the receiver oriented checking. By using quantum sharing table, these checking schemes investigate whether the routing path is secure or not. In the beginning, the sender and receiver pre-share a quantum sharing table to detect all the dishonest nodes. The quantum sharing table acts as a quantum key distribution which can not be stolen by any Eve.
In the distributed network, quantum teleportation can teleport a quantum state from one quantum device to a remote site by using quantum entangled particles. Quantum entangled particles have the correlation among sharing party of distributed node to form a special relation for transmitting quantum message and classical message. In the paper, we derive a novel quantum key with indirect communication among sharing party. In the deriving process, random measurement outcome can resist eavesdropping from the outsider. An attacker is unable to break a secret quantum key in the deriving process. In addition, several types of attack in the transmission security can be considered in the distributed networks.
This paper investigates the feasibility and potential benefits of utilizing quantum entanglement and the principle of quantum state teleportation for distributed computing. The core idea is to decompose complex computational tasks into smaller sub-tasks, which are then executed concurrently across a network of interconnected quantum nodes. Quantum state teleportation is employed to transfer intermediate results and perform logical operations between these nodes. We propose a framework for designing such a system, analyzing its computational complexity, and discussing the challenges associated with scalability and error correction. The potential advantages of this approach include increased computational speed, enhanced security through inherent quantum properties, and the possibility of tackling problems intractable for classical computers. This research explores the theoretical foundations and identifies key areas for future investigation within this emerging field. The central equation demonstrating the teleportation process is: ∣ψA⟩→∣ψB⟩ where ∣ψA⟩ is the initial quantum state at Alice's location, ∣ψB⟩ is the reconstructed quantum state at Bob's location, and the process relies on pre-shared entanglement (∣E⟩) between Alice and Bob. Furthermore, the following equations represent the key steps: ∣ψA⟩⊗∣E⟩→21(∣ψA⟩∣E⟩+E∗∣ψA⟩) Bell Measurement: The Bell measurement is defined as: M=21(∣00⟩+∣11⟩) where |00⟩ and |11⟩ are the two possible outcomes of the measurement. Projector: The projector operator is defined as: Px=21(∣0⟩∣0⟩+∣1⟩∣1⟩) The density matrix evolution equation is: ρB(t)=2n1∑i=02n−1ρA(t,i)Πi where ρA(t,i) is the density matrix at Alice's location at time *t* and index *i*, and Πi is the projector operator corresponding to the *i*-th state.
The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks presents a promising paradigm aimed at meeting stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, thereby paving the way for modern applications such as the metaverse. In contrast, the advent of quantum computers poses a significant threat to the security of such networks. However, the quantum Internet signifies a remarkable advancement in communication technology, harnessing the principles of quantum entanglement and superposition to facilitate unparalleled levels of security and efficient computations. Quantum communication can be achieved through the utilization of quantum entanglement. Through the exchange of entangled pairs between two entities, quantum communication becomes feasible, enabled by the process of quantum teleportation. Given the lossy nature of the channels and the exponential decoherence of the transmitted photons, a set of intermediate nodes can serve as quantum repeaters to perform entanglement swapping and directly entangle two distant nodes. Such quantum repeaters may be malicious and by setting up malicious entanglements, intermediate nodes can jeopardize the confidentiality of the quantum information exchanged between the two communication nodes. Hence, this paper proposes a quantum identity authentication protocol that protects quantum networks from malicious entanglements. Unlike the existing protocols, the proposed quantum authentication protocol does not require periodic refreshments of the shared secret keys. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can detect malicious entanglements with a 100% probability after an average of 4 authentication rounds. Moreover, the average number of authentication rounds required to detect an attack is reduced by 69% and 76.5% compared with benchmark protocols. Index Terms—Quantum identity authentication, quantum communications, malicious entanglement, quantum security, quantum Internet, 6G.
In the wireless communication networks, quantum message integrity can be applied with quantum authentication and quantum signature if the source and destination are indirect communication. Eavesdroppers and malicious nodes may exist in the routing path from the source to the destination. There is major threat in the indirect communication. Based on quantum nature, we design quantum permutation model to verify quantum transmission sequence of a quantum transmission frame if an attacker wants to crack the content of a quantum transmission frame. Quantum permutation model can determine the real position of data qubits and verification qubits. However, Eves is not able to obtain the position of date qubits because quantum permutation switching cannot be owned by Eve. So quantum transmission sequence can be reserved. The receiver has the capability to verify it and obtains the content of data qubits.