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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Parametric and Raman amplification in photonic crystal fiber

Stefan W. Wabnitz, Guy Millot, Stéphane Pitois, Alessandro Tonello, Evgenii Polyakov

Published Sep 16, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the interplay between parametric and Raman gain in photonic crystal fibers by taking into account the vector nature of the electric field, the fiber frequency dependent birefringence, the Kerr nonlinear coefficient, the Raman gain profile and chromatic dispersion. In particular, we show that an accurate representation of the frequency dependence of the nonlinear and dispersive properties of a photonic crystal fiber is essential for correctly describing the overall gain profile for a probe signal at large frequency detuning from a continuous wave or pulsed pump. For example, we found that fourth and higher order dispersion have a striking influence on the spectrum of modulation polarization instability gain in both the high and low birefringence regime, in that the vector parametric gain is suppressed above a critical level of linear birefringence. We validated the theory by experimental observations of vector parametric amplification in high birefringence holey fiber with triple defects.

DOI
10.1117/12.620669

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We study the interplay between parametric and Raman gain in photonic crystal fibers by taking into account the vector nature of the electric field, the fiber frequency dependent birefringence, the Kerr nonlinear coefficient, the Raman gain profile and chromatic dispersion. In particular, we show that an accurate representation of the frequency dependence of the nonlinear and dispersive properties of a photonic crystal fiber is essential for correctly describing the overall gain profile for a probe signal at large frequency detuning from a continuous wave or pulsed pump. For example, we found that fourth and higher order dispersion have a striking influence on the spectrum of modulation polarization instability gain in both the high and low birefringence regime, in that the vector parametric gain is suppressed above a critical level of linear birefringence. We validated the theory by experimental observations of vector parametric amplification in high birefringence holey fiber with triple defects.
Taking account of the coupling differential equations under the effect of Stokes and anti-Stokes for the pump wave linearly polarized and aligned with the x-axis direction,the gain coefficient for the Stokes and anti-Stokes have been derived from simultaneously act of stimulated Raman scattering and parametric amplification in the same x polarization.The Lorenz model of parallel gain coefficient is introduced in this equation. The correlation between the gain spectrum and correlative parameter studied in dispersion-shifted fiber.The conclusion shows that gain spectrum is dissymmetrical with the Stokes and anti-Stokes wave and has no relation with third-order dispersion.At the same time,the ratio of Stokes and anti-Stokes |E_(ax)/E_(sx)| increases with frequency shift,then it rapidly reduced.
We theoretically and experimentally study changes with pump power in the polarization of an optical signal as it simultaneously experiences Kerr-effect-induced birefringence and four-wave-mixing-based parametric amplification from a copropagating pump in an optical fiber. It is shown that the changes caused by the two nonlinear optical effects are orthogonal to each other in the Stokes space. Results also show that the pump polarization state works as an attractor for signal polarization. The implications of this feature to fiber parametric amplifiers and entangled-photon sources are discussed, and a fiber polarization switch is demonstrated.
We proposed a theoretical model to investigate the polarization pulling effect in bi-directionally pumped degenerate Raman assisted fiber optical parameter amplifiers (RA-FOPAs) using randomly birefringent fibers. The contributions of chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), Raman gain, and nonlinear effects to the phase matching in RA-FOPAs are investigated. We characterize four different states of polarization pulling in RA-FOPAs. We found that broadband polarization attraction can be obtained in the optimum phase-matching state of the bi-directionally pumped RA-FOPAs when the parametric pump power is chosen to avoid deep saturation of the Raman gain.
Four-wave parametric amplification can be extended to the TW/cm2^22 regime using femtosecond pump pulses to amplify nearly octave spanning pulses with gain >20> 20>20~mm−1^{-1}−1, which we call Kerr instability amplification. Cross-polarized wave generation exploits Kerr anisotropy to induce a transient intensity-dependent polarization evolution. In this work, we combine Kerr instability amplification with cross-polarized wave generation to simultaneously amplify and rotate the output polarization of a signal beam, and we explore laser and crystal parameters to control the resulting polarization. In 1~mm MgO(100), we amplify linearly polarized light by 2000×2000\times2000× orthogonal to the pump and seed polarization. The parametric amplification and polarization rotation offers excellent pulse contrast enhancement for future high-power laser systems. Furthermore, the polarization provides an additional observable to study the nonlinear dynamics occuring in this extreme ultrafast light-matter interaction.
This thesis introduces the linear and nonlinear properties of photonic crystal fibre (PCF), describes the fabrication and characterisation of different PCFs, and demonstrates their applications to supercontinuum (SC) generation and single-photon sources. The linear properties of PCF include endlessly single-mode transmission, highly controllable dispersion and birefringence. These unique properties have made PCFs the best media to demonstrate all kinds of nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), Raman effects, four-wave mixing and modulation instability (FWM and MI), and soliton effects. The combination of these nonlinear effects has led to impressive spectral broadening known as SC generation in PCFs. The intrinsic correlation of signal and idler photons from FWM has brought PCF to the application of single-photon generation. Four projects about SC generation were demonstrated. The first was visible continuum generation in a monolithic PCF device, which gave a compact, bright (-20 dBm/nm), flat and single-mode visible continuum source extending to short wavelength at 400 nm. The second was polarised SC generation in a highly bire-fringent PCF. A well linearly polarised continuum source spanning 450-1750 nm was achieved with >99% power kept in a single linear polarisation. This polarised continuum source was then applied to tuneable visible/UV generation in a BIBO crystal. The third was residual pump peak removal for SC generation in PCFs. The fourth was to design an all-fibre dual-wavelength pumping for spectrally localised continuum generation. Two projects about photon pair generation using FWM were then demonstrated. One was an all-fibre photon pair source designed in the telecom band for quantum communication. This source achieved >50% heralding efficiency which is the highest in fibre photon pair sources reported so far. Another one was to design birefringent PCFs for naturally narrow band photon pair generation in the Si SPAD high detection efficiency range. 0.122 nm bandwidth signal photons at 596.8 nm were generated through cross polarisation phase matched FWM in a weakly birefringent PCF pumped by a picosecond Ti:Sapphire laser at 705 nm in the normal dispersion regime.
Narrowband fiber parametric amplification is known to provide slow and fast light capabilities. Here, an analytical expression of the maximum slow light time delay achievable in ideal, isotropic fibers is derived. Then, the effects of random birefringence on the slow and fast light ability are numerically investigated by integrating the governing equations over a large number of statistical realizations of the fiber. The different polarization rotation along the fiber for the signal, the idler, and the pump reduces the amplifier mean gain and the mean time delay. For small random birefringence, the decrease of the mean delay can be directly imputed to the reduction of the mean gain. For large random birefringence, severe pulse distortion occurs, the mean delay is further reduced and the delay uncertainty highly enhanced. The influence of the stimulated Raman scattering is finally addressed.