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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

The beam splitter as a state and entanglement detector

Guido Berl n, J. Aliaga

Published May 13, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this article we propose a very simple scheme for detecting the state and the degree of entanglement of two modes of radiation using a beam splitter. We find that using this device we can tell whether the state coming out of a certain apparatus is maximally entangled, by measuring the intensity of the radiation of one of the modes. This result is independent of the transmittivity of the beam splitter. In some cases it is also possible to determine the state exactly, by measuring the dispersion of one of the modes.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/5/3/313

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In this article we propose a very simple scheme for detecting the state and the degree of entanglement of two modes of radiation using a beam splitter. We find that using this device we can tell whether the state coming out of a certain apparatus is maximally entangled, by measuring the intensity of the radiation of one of the modes. This result is independent of the transmittivity of the beam splitter. In some cases it is also possible to determine the state exactly, by measuring the dispersion of one of the modes.
We propose an experimentally feasible scheme to generate various types of entangled states of light fields by using beam splitters and single-photon detectors. Two beams of light fields are incident on two beam splitters respectively with each beam being asymmetrically split into two parts in which one part is supposed to be so weak that it contains at most one photon. We let the two weak output modes interfere at a third beam splitter. A conditional joint measurement on both weak output modes may result in an entanglement between the other two output modes. The conditions for the maximal entanglement are discussed based on the concurrence. Several specific examples are also examined.
We report on an experiment in which two independent squeezed vacuum states get entangled by mixing them with a balanced beam splitter. We follow standard practice and use an inseparability criterion to quantify their entanglement. However, this only allows us to witness the entanglement, but not to determine the deleterious effects of experimental imperfections due to the beam splitter mixing and the associated mode-mismatch and detection imperfections. We therefore introduce an alternative framework suitable for continuous variable systems using the states' quantumness, ΞΞΞ. We show that, under ideal circumstances, ΞΞΞ is a conserved quantity under beam mixing. This allows us to benchmark the experiment's performance by comparing the states' quantumness ΞΞΞ after the beam splitter mixing with ΞΞΞ before. Such a comparison is not possible with entanglement witnesses, as the input states are unentangled. This highlights the main strength of our approach: its ability to generally quantify the quantumness of multi-mode continuous variable states and use this to probe different stages in an experiment.
Nonclassicality in the sense of quantum optics is a prerequisite for entanglement in multimode radiation states. In this work we bring out the possibilities of passing from the former to the latter, via action of classicality preserving systems like beam splitters, in a transparent manner. For single-mode states, a complete description of nonclassicality is available via the classical theory of moments, as a set of necessary and sufficient conditions on the photon number distribution. We show that when the mode is coupled to an ancilla in any coherent state, and the system is then acted upon by a beam splitter, these conditions turn exactly into signatures of negativity under partial transpose (NPT) entanglement of the output state. Since the classical moment problem does not generalize to two or more modes, we turn in these cases to other familiar sufficient but not necessary conditions for nonclassicality, namely the Mandel parameter criterion and its extensions. We generalize the Mandel matrix from one-mode states to the two-mode situation, leading to a natural classification of states with varying levels of nonclassicality. For two-mode states we present a single test that can, if successful, simultaneously show nonclassicality as well as NPT entanglement. We also develop a test for NPT entanglement after beam-splitter action on a nonclassical state, tracing carefully the way in which it goes beyond the Mandel nonclassicality test. The result of three-mode beam-splitter action after coupling to an ancilla in the ground state is treated in the same spirit. The concept of genuine tripartite entanglement, and scalar measures of nonclassicality at the Mandel level for two-mode systems, are discussed. Numerous examples illustrating all these concepts are presented.
Coherent state (also called Glauber state) refer to a special kind of pure quantum-mechanical state of the light field corresponding to a single resonator mode which describe closest quantum state to a classical sinusoidal wave such as a continuous laser wave. In this paper we manipulate entangled two mode coherent states using beam splitter (BS) and Kerr medium and then evaluate the amount of entanglement by concurrence measure. We show that it is possible to construct maximal entangled state by transmitting a laser beam from a BS and Kerr medium.