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Optics Express

Critical conditions of control light for a silicon-based photonic crystal bistable switching

Chao Li, Hong Wang, Jun-Fang Wu, Wen‐Cheng Xu

Published Jul 29, 2010• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the critical conditions of control light for a silicon-based photonic crystal bistable switching. By establishing a time-dependent evolution equation, the critical pump power and pump time of the control light are derived, respectively. It is found that with the increase of the frequency detuning of the incident light, the critical power of the control light will rise, while the corresponding critical time will be shortened. It is also revealed that under the same conditions, the critical total power of the multiple-beam control light is less than the one of the single-beam control light. The theoretical predictions show perfect agreement with the simulation results.

DOI
10.1364/oe.18.017313

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In this paper, we investigate the critical conditions of control light for a silicon-based photonic crystal bistable switching. By establishing a time-dependent evolution equation, the critical pump power and pump time of the control light are derived, respectively. It is found that with the increase of the frequency detuning of the incident light, the critical power of the control light will rise, while the corresponding critical time will be shortened. It is also revealed that under the same conditions, the critical total power of the multiple-beam control light is less than the one of the single-beam control light. The theoretical predictions show perfect agreement with the simulation results.
Optical bistability with low power and large modulation depth is observed in the silicon 2D photonic crystal 3 defect-long (L3) cavity coupling with a photonic crystal waveguide experimentally. The cavity-waveguide resonator system operates under the critical coupling condition. The triangular line shape of the cavity resonance and the hysteresis loop of the system is observed. The switching contrast is 7.7 dB and the modulation depth is 0.70 at the switching power of -12.1 dBm. A nonlinear coupled mode model is established to analyze the behavior of the cavity, and numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experiment results.
We designed and manufactured an optical bistability waveguide device based on nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal used CdS_xSe_(1-x) doped glass. This kind of semiconductor doped glass has large nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear fast response time. The distribution of refractive index of the nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide satisfies sine function. We obtained the nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide by exposure holography and etching techniques. Length of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 3 mm. The height of the peak-groove of the waveguide is 0.1 μm. According to our design, the center of bandgap of the one-dimensional photonic crystal lies at 514.5 nm while the power density of the incident light, the incident light was reflected by the photonic crystal. When the power density of the incident light increasing, the bandgap is shifting to the direc-tion of short wavelength due to the decreasing of the refractive index with the increasing of the incident power density, so more incident light is transmitted. In experiment, we used an active mode-locking pulse of Ar ion laser as the light source which wavelength is 514.5 nm, repeating frequency is 82 MHz and pulse width is 200 ps. The light beam was coupled into the device by prism with a laser average power of 1.28 W (in the case of nonlinear saturation operation, optimum coupling efficiency is about 6%). Pulse wave forms of incident light and transmitted from sample were recorded in turn by 7 904 oscilloscope. The optical bistability curve of input power density and output one is fitted by computer. We obtained the threshold power density of bistable switch to be 1.60×10~5 W/cm~2 (it is equivalent to average power of 77 mW) and both the rise and fall time are 63 ps. We used the Finite Difference Time Domain Method to obtain the characteristics of the bandgap shift with the incident power density increasing of the nonlinear photonic crystal and calculate the optical bistability curve of this device. In theory, the threshold power density of bistable switch is about 1.40×10~5 W/cm~2 and the switch time is about 50 ps. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental ones. This device is a new and feasible one for optical information process and optical computing in the future.
The authors report low-power optical bistability under continuous wave pumping conditions in five-cell photonic crystal linear resonators containing InGaAsP quantum wells, by employing the fiber-coupling technique. The threshold bistable power is measured to be 35μW at the normalized detuning of −1.724. Owing to the high band-edge nonlinearities of quantum wells and the efficient fiber coupling, minimal instability is observed. In addition, all-optical switching is demonstrated with switching energy less than 75.4fJ.
We derive an equation that describes the nonlinear operation of a Fabry-Perot resonator with a large group index waveguide. Specifically, a silicon photonic crystal microcavity with two-photon-excited free carrier nonlinearity and Kerr nonlinearity is assumed. The equation clearly explains the bistability of the device and the reduction of the required pump energy for a specific nonlinear phase shift at an appropriate phase detuning from the resonance. We present a simple procedure to predict the required optical pump energy for the modulation and the resulting modulation depth by use of the equation and the device parameters.