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Applied Physics Letters

All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators

Myung-Ki Kim, In-Kag Hwang, Se-Heon Kim, Hyun-Joo Chang, Yong-Hee Lee

Published Apr 16, 2007• 42 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors report low-power optical bistability under continuous wave pumping conditions in five-cell photonic crystal linear resonators containing InGaAsP quantum wells, by employing the fiber-coupling technique. The threshold bistable power is measured to be 35μW at the normalized detuning of −1.724. Owing to the high band-edge nonlinearities of quantum wells and the efficient fiber coupling, minimal instability is observed. In addition, all-optical switching is demonstrated with switching energy less than 75.4fJ.

DOI
10.1063/1.2724921

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The authors report low-power optical bistability under continuous wave pumping conditions in five-cell photonic crystal linear resonators containing InGaAsP quantum wells, by employing the fiber-coupling technique. The threshold bistable power is measured to be 35μW at the normalized detuning of −1.724. Owing to the high band-edge nonlinearities of quantum wells and the efficient fiber coupling, minimal instability is observed. In addition, all-optical switching is demonstrated with switching energy less than 75.4fJ.
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We review our recent progress on all-optical switching and bistability using ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities. We also discuss all-optical logic gate operations. Because photonic crystal nanocavities can strongly confine photons in a small area for a long time, light can efficiently interact with dipoles. As a result, optical nonlinearities occur at a very low input. Optical nonlinearities are essential as regards all-optical switching and bistability, because they dynamically change such material properties as refractive index. We demonstrate all-optical switching at an operating energy of less than 100 fJ, and bistable operation at less than ~100 μW. In addition, these devices are small and so can operate at a reasonably high speed (~100 ps).
A technique is demonstrated which efficiently transfers light between a tapered standard single-mode optical fiber and a high-Q, ultra-small mode volume, silicon photonic crystal resonant cavity. Cavity mode quality factors of 47000 are measured, and a total fiber-to-cavity coupling efficiency of 44% is demonstrated. Using this efficient cavity input and output channel, the steady-state nonlinear absorption and dispersion of the photonic crystal cavity is studied. Optical bistability is observed for fiber input powers as low as 250 μW, corresponding to a dropped power of 100 μW and 3 fJ of stored cavity energy. A high-density effective free-carrier lifetime for these silicon photonic crystal resonators of 0.5 ns is also estimated from power dependent loss and dispersion measurements.