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Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics

Dispersionless Slow Light in Fiber Bragg Gratings with Active Materials

Yang Liu, Chun Jiang, Yaming Lin, Wenhui Xu

Published Jun 1, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, an atomic system is suggested to be embedded in the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) to reduce the group velocity and to eliminate the dispersion of slow light. We demonstrate numerically that the pulse can be transmitted at the group velocity 0.147c dispersionlessly in the FBG, compared with 0.193c and 56% of FWHM broadening without the atomic system.

DOI
10.1109/sopo.2010.5504053

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In this paper, an atomic system is suggested to be embedded in the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) to reduce the group velocity and to eliminate the dispersion of slow light. We demonstrate numerically that the pulse can be transmitted at the group velocity 0.147c dispersionlessly in the FBG, compared with 0.193c and 56% of FWHM broadening without the atomic system.
Fiber Bragg gratings designed specifically for controlling the group velocity of light have been extensively studied in recent years to explore and improve their properties. Use of slow-light fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is increasingly recognized as an important component in the optical telecommunication networks, and plays a key role in resolving a problem of buffering of optical signals. This paper analyzes the slow light mechanism in FBG theoretically, explores the influences of different parameters of FBG on the characteristics of slow light by numerical simulation, and discusses the requirements for achieving large group delays.
We proposed and experimentally demonstrated an extremely simple and feasible slow-light technique to achieve tunable optical delay by using the Er/Yb codoped fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The signal light experiences strong dispersion when it is launched into the reflection edge of FBG, and the group delay value is determined by the signal wavelength and the pump power. In the experiment, a controllable delay of 0.9 ns can be obtained through changing the 980 nm pump power. The group velocity can be slowed down to 5.6x10(7) m/s, which is 19% of the speed of light in free space. It provides a very simple approach to control the light group delay, which is likely to have important implications for practical applications.
We demonstrate both theoretically and numerically that slow light can enhance the stimulated emission of four-level atomic systems in photonic crystals. By applying the Bloch-Floquet formalism and the semiclassical physical model of harmonic oscillators coupled to electromagnetic fields, we develop a formalism that relates the group velocity of slow light to the conversion rate between the electric field and atomic potential energy. From our numerical study of the stimulated emission in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and nongrating fiber, a ninefold enhancement of stimulated emission is observed in a FBG over the nongrating fiber when pumping at the band edge, while a 20-fold enhancement of is observed when the frequency of the stimulated emission approaches the band edge.
The group velocity at which light pulses propagate through a dispersive material system is very different from the vacuum speed of light c, One refers to light as being "slow" for v g << c (Boyd & Gauthier, 2009) or "fast" for v g > c or v g <0 (Stenner et al, 2003 ).For v g <0, the pulse envelope appears to travel backward in the material (Gehring et al, 2006), and hence it is sometimes referred to as "backward light."The subject of slow light has caused keen interest in the past decade or more, and it is possible to control the group velocity of light pulses in the dispersive materials.Interest in slow and fast light dates back to the early days of the 20th century.Sommerfeld and Brillouin (Sommerfeld & Brillouin, 1960) were intrigued by the fact that theory predicts that v g can exceed c, which leads to apparent inconsistencies with Einstein's special theory of relativity.Experimental investigations of extreme propagation velocities were performed soon after the invention of the laser (Faxvog and et al, 1970).In 1999, Harris's group research work greatly stimulated researchers' interests, which showed that light could be slowed down to 17m/s.The result was obtained in ultra cold atom clouds with the use of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which induces transparency in a material while allowing it to retain strong linear and nonlinear optical properties (Hau et al, 1999).Slow light can also be obtained through the use of the optical response of hot atomic vapors (Philips et al, 2001).These early research works require hard conditions and the slow light cannot operate in room temperature.Recently, researchers found ways to realize slow light operating in room temperature and solid-state materials, which are more suited for many practical applications, namely slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS), slow light via coherent population oscillations (CPO), tunable time delays based on group velocity dispersion or conversion/ dispersion(C/D), slow light in fiber Bragg gratings and so on.In this chapter, we describe some of the physical mechanisms that can be used to induce slow and fast light effects in room-temperature solids (Bigelow et al, 2003) and some of the exotic propagation effects that can thereby be observed.We also survey some applications of slow and fast light within the fields of quantum electronics and photonics. Fundamentals of slow and fast lightSlow and fast light refer to the group velocity of a light wave.The group velocity is the velocity most closely related to the velocity at which the peak of a light pulse moves through an optical dispersive material (Milonni, 2005), and is given by the standard result www.intechopen.comRecent Progress in Optical Fiber Research 82where n is the refractive (phase) index and ω is the angular frequency of the carrier wave of the light field.One refers to light as being slow light for v g << c, fast light for for v g > c, and backwards light for v g <0 or v g is negative.Extreme values of the group velocity invariably rely on the dominance of the second contribution to the group index of Equation ( 1).This contribution of course results from the frequency dependence of the refractive index, and for this reason extreme values of the group velocity are usually associated with the resonant or near-resonant response of material systems.According to this theory, slow light is expected in the wings of an absorption line and fast light is expected near line center, and the spatial dispersion, that is, the non-locality in space of the medium response, is another mechanism that can lead to slow light, as has been predicted (Kocharovskaya et al,2001) and observed (Strekalov et al, 2001).We catalogue the main methods to realize slow light in room temperature solid, namely slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS), slow light via coherent population oscillations (CPO), tunable time delays based on group velocity dispersion or conversion/ dispersion(C/D), slow light in fiber Bragg gratings and so on.We will describe CPO and SBS slow light in more details.
We demonstrate through numerical simulations that the slow-light resonances that exist in strong, apodized fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) fabricated with femtosecond pulses in deuterium-loaded fibers can exhibit very large intensity enhancements and Purcell factors with the proper optimization of their length. This potential is illustrated with two saturated FBGs that are less than 5 mm long and have been annealed to reduce their internal loss. The first one exhibits the largest measured Purcell factor in an all-fiber device (38.7), and the second one exhibits the largest intensity enhancement (1525). These devices are anticipated to have significant applications in quantum-dot lasers, nonlinear fiber devices, and cavity quantum-electrodynamics experiments.
This Letter reports the behavior of the slow-light resonances of a strong apodized fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in which the intrinsic loss is compensated for by a small internal gain. The 6.5-mm FBG, written with a femtosecond laser in an Er-doped single-mode fiber, was pumped at ∼ 1475 n m just below the lasing threshold to offset most of its intrinsic loss, thereby narrowing its resonances. The fundamental slow-light resonance was measured to have a linewidth of 8.5 fm, or a record group velocity of ∼ 22 k m / s , and a peak transmission near unity ( − 0.2 d B ). The measured dependencies of the linewidth and peak transmission on pump power agree well with a new model that predicts the transmission spectrum of loss-compensated FBGs in the presence of pump and signal saturation.