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Soviet Physics Uspekhi

CURRENT METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE STARK EFFECT IN ATOMS

A. M. Bonch-Bruevich, V. A. Khodovoǐ

Published May 31, 1968• 114 citations
Publisher

Abstract

CONTENTS I. Introduction 637 II. Theory of the Stark Effect 638 1. The Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 638 2. The Stark Effect in Alternating Electric Fields 640 III. The Study of the Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 643 1. Observation of the Shifts of Centers of Gravity of Absorption Lines in Atomic Beams 643 2. Study of the Stark Effect by Observation of Electric Double Refraction 644 3. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Comparison with Hyperfine Splitting 646 4. Observation of the Stark Effect by Radiospectroscopic Methods 646 5. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Double Radiooptical Resonance 647 6. Observation of the Stark Effect by Level-crossing and Beat Methods 649 IV. The Study of the Stark Effect in Fields of Optical Frequency 651 1. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of the Ground State of Hg 199 by Resonance Light 651 2. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of Potassium Atoms in the Radiation Field of a Ruby Laser 653 V. Conclusion 654 Literature Cited 656

DOI
10.1070/pu1968v010n05abeh005850

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CONTENTS I. Introduction 637 II. Theory of the Stark Effect 638 1. The Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 638 2. The Stark Effect in Alternating Electric Fields 640 III. The Study of the Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 643 1. Observation of the Shifts of Centers of Gravity of Absorption Lines in Atomic Beams 643 2. Study of the Stark Effect by Observation of Electric Double Refraction 644 3. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Comparison with Hyperfine Splitting 646 4. Observation of the Stark Effect by Radiospectroscopic Methods 646 5. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Double Radiooptical Resonance 647 6. Observation of the Stark Effect by Level-crossing and Beat Methods 649 IV. The Study of the Stark Effect in Fields of Optical Frequency 651 1. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of the Ground State of Hg 199 by Resonance Light 651 2. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of Potassium Atoms in the Radiation Field of a Ruby Laser 653 V. Conclusion 654 Literature Cited 656
Introduction 177 I. The Optical Orientation of Atoms 178 II. The Optical Detection of the Orientation of Atoms 181 III. The Effect of Relaxation Phenomena on the Process of Optical Pumping 183 IV. Phenomenological Theory of Optical Orientation of Atoms 188 V. Detection of Radio-Frequency Resonance by the Optical Method. Determination of the Hyperfine Structure Constant and of Nuclear and Electronic g Factors 190 VI. Practical Applications of the Method of Optical Orientation of Atoms 194 VII. Orientation Produced by Exchange Collisions 198 VIII. The Study of Relaxation Processes by the Optical Method 200 IX. Optical Pumping in Solids 201 Conclusion 203 Literature 203
Nonequilibrium Theory of the Optical Stark Effect in the Excitonic Range of the Spectrum One of the most important applications of the theory of Bose condensation of excitons is the optical Stark effect, or “AC Stark effect, ” first demonstrated for excitons in Cu 2 O [1] and since seen in several semiconductors and semiconductor heterostructures (e.g., Refs. 2-5). This effect is a promising tool for the field of optical communications. One of the major interests in this field is the development of all-optical-switching methods, by which light signals are switched on or off directly by other light signals, just as in electronics, electrical signals switch other electrical signals. At the present, most optical communications systems use electrical signals (e.g., electro-optic or acousto-optic devices) to switch the light signals, which means that the limiting bandwidth of the system is controlled by that of the electrical signals, not the optical bandwidth. The optical Stark effect offers this possibility. When one laser beam impinges on a sample, it can drastically alter the excitonic absorption line shape. Therefore a second beam can see either a transparent or an absorbing medium, depending on the presence of the control beam. This is the optical equivalent of a transistor. The basic effect is shown in Fig. 6.1. When an intense laser is tuned to a photon energy that is just below the excitonic ground state, the exciton ground state is shifted in frequency and the oscillator strength is altered. This leads to a strong reduction in the optical absorption at the original wavelength of the exciton ground state.
The method of level-crossing spectroscopy has been extended to a study of the Stark effect on the 3P3P3P term of lithium. Lithium atoms in a broad atomic beam are subjected to collinear electric and magnetic fields. The field values required to produce a level crossing or degeneracy are determined by observing the change in the angular distribution of the fluorescence resulting from the optical excitation of the 3P3P3P term. The magnetic field required to produce the crossing is found to shift to higher values as the electric field is applied. The shift increases as the square of the electric field and is given by $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=+0.056(11){E}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ is in gauss and EEE is in kilovolts per centimeter. The coefficient is in good agreement with the value 0.048 obtained from second-order perturbation theory and the Bates and Damgaard approximation.
The Stark splitting of the second excited level of atomic hydrogen (with principal quantum number n=3n=3n=3) has been measured by pulsed laser spectroscopy in order to determine small electric fields by optical means. Doppler-free excitation with two counterpropagating laser beams at 205nm205\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}205nm allows us to measure the n=3n=3n=3 Stark spectra either by an optogalvanic signal after ionization by a third laser photon or by detection of the Balmer-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ fluorescence photons emitted by the excited atoms. Three different cases of laser polarization have been investigated in order to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of this one-step laser excitation method for electric field determination, especially at field strengths below 200V∕cm200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}200V∕cm. The method provides the best field sensitivity achieved with lower excited levels that can be reached directly by two-photon absorption from the ground state (in contrast to the more sensitive Rydberg levels). For this purpose, an advanced tunable pulsed uv laser with narrow bandwidth almost at the Fourier limit has been used. The high spectral resolution allowed us to deduce electric field strengths as small as 50V∕cm50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}50V∕cm from the frequency shift between two selected isolated Stark components. As a main advantage, this simple analysis of the measured spectra does not rely on knowledge of the line intensities which may be strongly affected by the measuring conditions.