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Soviet Physics Uspekhi

OPTICAL ORIENTATION OF ATOMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

G. V. Skrotskiǐ, T. G. Izyumova

Published Feb 28, 1961• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Introduction 177 I. The Optical Orientation of Atoms 178 II. The Optical Detection of the Orientation of Atoms 181 III. The Effect of Relaxation Phenomena on the Process of Optical Pumping 183 IV. Phenomenological Theory of Optical Orientation of Atoms 188 V. Detection of Radio-Frequency Resonance by the Optical Method. Determination of the Hyperfine Structure Constant and of Nuclear and Electronic g Factors 190 VI. Practical Applications of the Method of Optical Orientation of Atoms 194 VII. Orientation Produced by Exchange Collisions 198 VIII. The Study of Relaxation Processes by the Optical Method 200 IX. Optical Pumping in Solids 201 Conclusion 203 Literature 203

DOI
10.1070/pu1961v004n02abeh003331

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Introduction 177 I. The Optical Orientation of Atoms 178 II. The Optical Detection of the Orientation of Atoms 181 III. The Effect of Relaxation Phenomena on the Process of Optical Pumping 183 IV. Phenomenological Theory of Optical Orientation of Atoms 188 V. Detection of Radio-Frequency Resonance by the Optical Method. Determination of the Hyperfine Structure Constant and of Nuclear and Electronic g Factors 190 VI. Practical Applications of the Method of Optical Orientation of Atoms 194 VII. Orientation Produced by Exchange Collisions 198 VIII. The Study of Relaxation Processes by the Optical Method 200 IX. Optical Pumping in Solids 201 Conclusion 203 Literature 203
In the optical excitation of atoms with polarized light, producing excited atoms, only some of the Zeeman sublevels of the excited state are actually reached, so that large differences of population can be built up between Zeeman sublevels or between hyperfine structure (hfs) levels. This property can be used to detect radio-frequency resonance in optically excited atomic states. These resonances produce a characteristic change in intensity or in the degree of polarization of the light re-emitted. Zeeman intervals, Stark effects, and hfs intervals can be measured in this manner. (The Stark constant of the 63P1 level of Hg and the electric quadrupole moments of the alkali atoms have been obtained in this way.)The technique of “optical pumping” gives a way to concentrate atoms in some of the Zeeman sublevels of one of the hfs levels of the ground state.Atomic orientation has been obtained with the Na atom, in an atomic beam and in the vapor in equilibrium with the metal. The orientation effects have been studied by detection of radio-frequency resonance signals in the ground state. Orientation can be increased many times by adding a variable pressure of a foreign gas to the pure Na vapor. Because of the coupling between nuclear spin and electron spin, nuclear orientation is produced at the same time as atomic orientation.
CONTENTS I. Introduction 637 II. Theory of the Stark Effect 638 1. The Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 638 2. The Stark Effect in Alternating Electric Fields 640 III. The Study of the Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 643 1. Observation of the Shifts of Centers of Gravity of Absorption Lines in Atomic Beams 643 2. Study of the Stark Effect by Observation of Electric Double Refraction 644 3. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Comparison with Hyperfine Splitting 646 4. Observation of the Stark Effect by Radiospectroscopic Methods 646 5. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Double Radiooptical Resonance 647 6. Observation of the Stark Effect by Level-crossing and Beat Methods 649 IV. The Study of the Stark Effect in Fields of Optical Frequency 651 1. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of the Ground State of Hg 199 by Resonance Light 651 2. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of Potassium Atoms in the Radiation Field of a Ruby Laser 653 V. Conclusion 654 Literature Cited 656
A theory is derived for the relaxation of hyperfine-level populations, which is caused by an interaction of atoms with solid surfaces during steady-state optical pumping. The relaxation rate is found through a joint solution of the optical-pumping equation and the transport equation for the optical radiation. Disorienting surfaces of various geometric configurations are considered: (a) two parallel planes; (b) the lateral surface of a cylinder; and (c) the entire surface of a cylinder: with weak pumping. Numerical values are found for the relaxation rates for Rb--He and Rb--Ar systems under various conditions. Analytic expressions are derived for the limiting cases of strong and weak pumping. The relaxation rate with steady-state pumping differs in most cases of practical importance from the rate given by the Franzen expression (W. Happer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 169 (1972)); the differences are in magnitude, in the pressure dependence, and in the dependence on the size of the system.
Photons and ElectronsHistorical SketchThe Wave Nature of LightPolarizationThe Electromagnetic SpectrumEmission and Absorption ProcessesPhoton Statistics The Behaviour of Electrons LasersSummaryWave Properties of LightThe Electromagnetic SpectrumWave RepresentationElectromagnetic WavesReflection and RefractionTotal Internal ReflectionInterference of LightLight WaveguidingInterferometersDiffractionGaussian Beams and Stable Optical ResonatorsPolarization OpticsThe Polarization EllipseCrystal OpticsRetarding WaveplatesA Variable Waveplate: The Soleil-Babinet Compensator Polarizing PrismsLinear BirefringenceCircular BirefringenceElliptical BirefringencePractical Polarization EffectsPolarization AnalysisThe Form of the Jones MatricesLight and Matter Emission, Propagation, and Absorption ProcessesClassical Theory of Light Propagation in Uniform Dielectric Media Optical Dispersion Emission and Absorption of LightOptical Coherence and CorrelationIntroductionMeasure of Coherence Wiener-Khinchin TheoremDual-Beam Interference Practical Examples Some Essential Physics of Radiation and Solids RadiationElectrons in Solids Optical Sources, Modulators, and DetectorsOptical SourcesOptical ModulatorsPhotodetectorsOptical WaveguidesThe Planar Waveguide Integrated OpticsCylindrical WaveguidesOptical FibresOptical Fibres for CommunicationsPolarization-Holding Waveguides Photonic Crystal FibresNonlinear OpticsNonlinear Optics and Optical FibresThe Formalism of Nonlinear OpticsSecond-Harmonic Generation and Phase MatchingOptical MixingIntensity-Dependent Refractive IndexFour-Photon Mixing (FPM)Parametric and Inelastic ProcessesSolitonsPhotosensitivityNon-Linear Effects in Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCF)Photonics in ActionAntireflective Coatings Optical-Fibre Current MeasurementThe Integrated Optical Spectrum AnalyserThe Audio Compact Disc (CD) The Optical-Fibre GyroscopeHolographyOptical-Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) and Its Use in Distributed Optical-Fibre Raman Temperature Sensing (DTS)Measurement of Very Short Optical Pulses: The AutocorrelatorTopics in Optical-Fibre CommunicationsRegimes-Correlation LengthEpilogue And What of the Future?AppendicesAppendix I: Maxwell's EquationsAppendix II: The Fourier Inversion TheoremAppendix III: Symmetry of the Permittivity TensorAppendix IV: The Polarization EllipseAppendix V: Radiation from an Oscillating DipoleAppendix VI: The d-FunctionAppendix VII: The Fermi-Dirac Function Appendix VIII: Second Harmonic Generation Appendix IX: The Sampling TheoremAppendix X: The Semiconductor EquationAppendix XI: The Formal Analysis of Polarization-Mode Dispersion (PMD)ReferencesEach chapter includes an introduction, conclusion, problems, references, and suggestions for further reading.
The mutual coupling between the polarization moments with ranks of different parity is theoretically considered. The manifestation of this mutual coupling has been revealed previously in experiments on magnetic resonance of optically oriented cesium atoms. The two well-known types of the coupling between the polarization moments are considered: the field coupling of these moments that occur due to the breaking of the hyperfine coupling between the electronic and nuclear moments of the alkali atom by the magnetic field and the light coupling of the moments due to the absorption of the pumping light by polarized atoms. The experimentally observed similarity in the shape of resonance signals of alignment and orientation upon circularly polarized pumping can be explained by the fact that, for alkali atoms, the generation of alignment by light at the wavelength of the D 1 line is of low efficiency. Therefore, alignment arises mainly from orientation by means of either the field or the light coupling of polarization moments. For metastable 23 S 1 4He atoms, no influence of the orientation on the alignment was observed because, in these atoms, the field coupling between the polarization moments is absent and the light coupling is not displayed because the generation of alignment by the circularly polarized pumping light is more efficient than the creation of alignment from orientation by means of light coupling of polarization moments.
I. RELATIVITY. 1. The Space and Time of Relativity. 2. Relativistic Mechanics. II. QUANTUM MECHANICS. 3. Atoms. 4. Quantization of Light. 5. Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels. 6. Matter Waves. 7. The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension. 8. The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation. 9. Electron Spin. 10. Multielectron Atoms the Pauli Principle and the Periodic Table. 11. Atomic Transitions and Radiation. III. SYSTEMS WITH TWO OR MORE ATOMS. 12. Molecules. 13. Solids - Theory. 14. Solids - Applications. 15. Statistical Mechanics. IV. SUBATOMIC PHYSICS. 16. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei. 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions. 18. Elementary Particles. APPENDIXES. A. Physical Constants. B. Useful Mathematical Relations. C. Alphabetical List of the Elements. D. Atomic and Nuclear Data. Suggestions for Further Reading. Picture Credits and References. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Index.