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Optics Express

Coherent all-optical control of ultracold atoms arrays in permanent magnetic traps

Ahmed Abdelrahman, T. Mukai, Hartmut Häffner, Tim Byrnes

Published Feb 6, 2014• 34 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a hybrid architecture for quantum information processing based on magnetically trapped ultracold atoms coupled via optical fields. The ultracold atoms, which can be either Bose-Einstein condensates or ensembles, are trapped in permanent magnetic traps and are placed in microcavities, connected by silica based waveguides on an atom chip structure. At each trapping center, the ultracold atoms form spin coherent states, serving as a quantum memory. An all-optical scheme is used to initialize, measure and perform a universal set of quantum gates on the single and two spin-coherent states where entanglement can be generated addressably between spatially separated trapped ultracold atoms. This allows for universal quantum operations on the spin coherent state quantum memories. We give detailed derivations of the composite cavity system mediated by a silica waveguide as well as the control scheme. Estimates for the necessary experimental conditions for a working hybrid device are given.

DOI
10.1364/oe.22.003501

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We propose a hybrid architecture for quantum information processing based on magnetically trapped ultracold atoms coupled via optical fields. The ultracold atoms, which can be either Bose-Einstein condensates or ensembles, are trapped in permanent magnetic traps and are placed in microcavities, connected by silica based waveguides on an atom chip structure. At each trapping center, the ultracold atoms form spin coherent states, serving as a quantum memory. An all-optical scheme is used to initialize, measure and perform a universal set of quantum gates on the single and two spin-coherent states where entanglement can be generated addressably between spatially separated trapped ultracold atoms. This allows for universal quantum operations on the spin coherent state quantum memories. We give detailed derivations of the composite cavity system mediated by a silica waveguide as well as the control scheme. Estimates for the necessary experimental conditions for a working hybrid device are given.
This thesis intends to give a concise yet meaningful overview about the progress in the physical realization of quantum information processing using hybrid systems of ultracold atoms and superconducting microwave resonators, describing our own theoretical and experimental contributions to advancing. Ultracold atoms in their ground states are well-isolated quantum systems offering long coherence times, and therefore are prime candidates for quantum memory applications. Their performance is limited by their sensitivity on external magnetic-field noises and inhomogeneous Zeeman shifts inherently present in magnetic traps. We have developed an efficient method to eliminate the magnetic-field dependence of the differential Zeeman shift between the magnetically trappable clock-states up to second order around an arbitrarily chosen offset field, hence rendering atom-based quantum memory insensitive to magnetic noises. We describe two protocols to mediate long-range interactions between Rydberg atoms using a thermally populated microwave cavity, realizing universal 2-bit quantum gates. This is of great practical interest, since in existing hybrid atom-superconducting resonator experiments the attainable temperature is not low enough to reach the vacuum state of the cavity mode. The first method relies on active mode cooling using an auxiliary reservoir of atoms. The second method makes use of a destructive quantum interference between different excitation paths, making the scheme insensitive to the actual photon state of the cavity. We also report on a new laboratory for optical lattice clocks that we have established in parallel with this work. We present a novel concept for continuously operated atomic clocks, along with the steps we have taken towards its experimental realization.
Ensembles of trapped atoms interacting with on-chip microwave resonators are considered as promising systems for the realization of quantum memories, novel quantum gates, and interfaces between the microwave and optical regime. Here, we demonstrate coupling of magnetically trapped ultracold Rb ground-state atoms to a coherently driven superconducting coplanar resonator on an integrated atom chip. When the cavity is driven off-resonance from the atomic transition, the microwave field strength in the cavity can be measured through observation of the AC shift of the atomic hyperfine transition frequency. When driving the cavity in resonance with the atoms, we observe Rabi oscillations between hyperfine states, demonstrating coherent control of the atomic states through the cavity field. These observations enable the preparation of coherent atomic superposition states, which are required for the implementation of an atomic quantum memory.
Abstract Ensembles of trapped atoms interacting with on-chip microwave resonators are considered as promising systems for the realization of quantum memories, novel quantum gates, and interfaces between the microwave and optical regime. Here, we demonstrate coupling of magnetically trapped ultracold Rb ground-state atoms to a coherently driven superconducting coplanar resonator on an integrated atom chip. When the cavity is driven off-resonance from the atomic transition, the microwave field strength in the cavity can be measured through observation of the AC shift of the atomic hyperfine transition frequency. When driving the cavity in resonance with the atoms, we observe Rabi oscillations between hyperfine states, demonstrating coherent control of the atomic states through the cavity field. These observations enable the preparation of coherent atomic superposition states, which are required for the implementation of an atomic quantum memory.
We review our experiments on quantum information processing with neutral atoms in optical lattices and magnetic microtraps. Atoms in an optical lattice in the Mott insulator regime serve as a large qubit register. A spin-dependent lattice is used to split and delocalize the atomic wave functions in a controlled and coherent way over a defined number of lattice sites. This is used to experimentally demonstrate a massively parallel quantum gate array, which allows the creation of a highly entangled many-body cluster state through coherent collisions between atoms on neighbouring lattice sites. In magnetic microtraps on an atom chip, we demonstrate coherent manipulation of atomic qubit states and measure coherence lifetimes exceeding one second at micron-distance from the chip surface. We show that microwave near-fields on the chip can be used to create state-dependent potentials for the implementation of a quantum controlled phase gate with these robust qubit states. For single atom detection and preparation, we have developed high finesse fiber Fabry-Perot cavities and integrated them on the atom chip. We present an experiment in which we detected a very small number of cold atoms magnetically trapped in the cavity using the atom chip.
We propose an experiment utilizing an array of cooled microcantilevers coupled to a sample of ultracold atoms trapped near a microfabricated surface. The cantilevers allow individual lattice site addressing for atomic state control and readout, and potentially may be useful in optical lattice quantum computation schemes. Assuming resonators can be cooled to their vibrational ground state, the implementation of a two-qubit controlled-NOT gate with atomic internal states and the motional states of the resonator is described. We also consider a protocol for entangling two or more cantilevers on the atom chip with different resonance frequencies, using the trapped atoms as an intermediary. Although similar experiments could be carried out with magnetic microchip traps, the optical confinement scheme we consider may exhibit reduced near-field magnetic noise and decoherence. Prospects for using this system for tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales or quantum information processing are discussed.
Abstract We review our experiments on quantum information processing with neutral atoms in optical lattices and magnetic microtraps. Atoms in an optical lattice in the Mott insulator regime serve as a large qubit register. A spin‐dependent lattice is used to split and delocalize the atomic wave functions in a controlled and coherent way over a defined number of lattice sites. This is used to experimentally demonstrate a massively parallel quantum gate array, which allows the creation of a highly entangled many‐body cluster state through coherent collisions between atoms on neighbouring lattice sites. In magnetic microtraps on an atom chip, we demonstrate coherent manipulation of atomic qubit states and measure coherence lifetimes exceeding one second at micron‐distance from the chip surface. We show that microwave near‐fields on the chip can be used to create state‐dependent potentials for the implementation of a quantum controlled phase gate with these robust qubit states. For single atom detection and preparation, we have developed high finesse fiber Fabry‐Perot cavities and integrated them on the ato m chip. We present an experiment in which we detected a very small number of cold atoms magnetically trapped in the cavity using the atom chip.