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arXiv:0906.4726 · Physical Review A

Ultracold mechanical resonators coupled to atoms in an optical lattice

Andrew A. Geraci, John E. Kitching

Published Sep 17, 2009• 25 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We propose an experiment utilizing an array of cooled microcantilevers coupled to a sample of ultracold atoms trapped near a microfabricated surface. The cantilevers allow individual lattice site addressing for atomic state control and readout, and potentially may be useful in optical lattice quantum computation schemes. Assuming resonators can be cooled to their vibrational ground state, the implementation of a two-qubit controlled-NOT gate with atomic internal states and the motional states of the resonator is described. We also consider a protocol for entangling two or more cantilevers on the atom chip with different resonance frequencies, using the trapped atoms as an intermediary. Although similar experiments could be carried out with magnetic microchip traps, the optical confinement scheme we consider may exhibit reduced near-field magnetic noise and decoherence. Prospects for using this system for tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales or quantum information processing are discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.80.032317

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We propose an experiment utilizing an array of cooled microcantilevers coupled to a sample of ultracold atoms trapped near a microfabricated surface. The cantilevers allow individual lattice site addressing for atomic state control and readout, and potentially may be useful in optical lattice quantum computation schemes. Assuming resonators can be cooled to their vibrational ground state, the implementation of a two-qubit controlled-NOT gate with atomic internal states and the motional states of the resonator is described. We also consider a protocol for entangling two or more cantilevers on the atom chip with different resonance frequencies, using the trapped atoms as an intermediary. Although similar experiments could be carried out with magnetic microchip traps, the optical confinement scheme we consider may exhibit reduced near-field magnetic noise and decoherence. Prospects for using this system for tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales or quantum information processing are discussed.
We propose an experiment utilizing an array of cooled microcantilevers coupled to a sample of ultracold atoms trapped near a microfabricated surface. The cantilevers allow individual lattice site addressing for atomic state control and readout, and potentially may be useful in optical lattice quantum computation schemes. Assuming resonators can be cooled to their vibrational ground state, the implementation of a two-qubit controlled-NOT gate with atomic internal states and the motional states of the resonator is described. We also consider a protocol for entangling two or more cantilevers on the atom chip with different resonance frequencies, using the trapped atoms as an intermediary. Although similar experiments could be carried out with magnetic microchip traps, the optical confinement scheme we consider may exhibit reduced near-field magnetic noise and decoherence. Prospects for using this system for tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales or quantum information processing are discussed.
This work investigates different coupling mechanisms between ultracold atoms and mechanical oscillators. In a first experiment, atom-surface force is used to couple the vibrations of a mechanical cantilever to the motion of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic microtrap on a chip. The atoms are trapped at sub-micrometer distance from the cantilever surface. Coupling is used to read out the cantilever vibrations with the atoms. Coupling via surface forces could be employed to couple atoms to molecular-scale oscillators such as carbon nanotubes. In a second experiment, coupling via a 1D optical lattice that is formed by a laser beam retroreflected from the cantilever tip. The optical lattice serves as a transfer rod which couples vibrations of the cantilever to the atoms and vice versa.
Arrays of trapped atoms are the ideal starting points for developing registers comprising large numbers of physical qubits for storing and processing quantum information. One very promising approach involves neutral atom traps produced on microfabricated devices known as atom chips, as almost arbitrary trap configurations can be realized in a robust and compact package. Until now, however, atom chip experiments have focused on small systems incorporating single or only a few individual traps. Here, we report experiments on a two-dimensional array of trapped ultracold atom clouds prepared using a simple magnetic-film atom chip. We are able to load atoms into hundreds of tightly confining and optically resolved array sites. We then cool the individual atom clouds in parallel to the critical temperature required for quantum degeneracy. Atoms are shuttled across the chip surface utilizing the atom chip as an atomic shift register and local manipulation of atoms is implemented using a focused laser to rapidly empty individual traps.
In this thesis I present experiments investigating controlled coupling between mechanical oscillators and ultracold atoms. I report on three different coupling mechanisms. In a first experiment, the surface potential experienced by atoms close to the mechanical oscillator is employed to couple the oscillator motion to the center of mass (COM) motion of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). The magnetic trapping potential is modified by the surface potential arising from the oscillator surface which results in a reduced trap depth. Vibration of the oscillator leads to a modulation of the trap frequency and the minimum of the trapping potential. Observing the loss of atoms from the BEC allows us to read out the amplitude of the mechanical oscillator with the atoms. In a second experiment, we study the coupling of a mechanical membrane oscillator and thermal atoms trapped in a 1D optical lattice. The membrane is the end mirror of the lattice, and oscillation of the membrane couples to the COM mode of the atomic ensemble. Conversely, the center of mass motion of the atomic ensemble redistributes photons between the two running waves forming the 1D optical lattice, effectively modulating their power, and hence the radiation pressure acting onto the membrane. We observe the action of the oscillating membrane onto the atoms by detecting the resulting temperature increase of the atomic ensemble in absorption imaging. To observe the backaction of the atoms onto the mechanical oscillator, the mechanical damping is measured in experiments with and without atoms in the lattice, and we measure higher damping in the presence of atoms in agreement with the theoretical predictions. These experiments are the first demonstration of backaction of an atomic system onto a mechanical oscillator. We investigate a third coupling mechanism, where the motion of a mechanical oscillator is coupled to the collective spin of a BEC. The tip of a mechanical oscillator is functionalized with a magnet, which transduces the oscillators' motion into oscillations of the magnetic field. This drives spin-flip transitions of trapped atoms to untrapped motional states. The coupling strength is not limited by the square root of the mass ratio of atoms and oscillator as in the other coupling schemes discussed in this thesis. We investigate this coupling scheme theoretically, and discuss the realization of a nanometer-sized mechanical oscillator with a magnetic island. I report on the status of the fabrication, and propose a simplified fabrication method.
We review our experiments on quantum information processing with neutral atoms in optical lattices and magnetic microtraps. Atoms in an optical lattice in the Mott insulator regime serve as a large qubit register. A spin-dependent lattice is used to split and delocalize the atomic wave functions in a controlled and coherent way over a defined number of lattice sites. This is used to experimentally demonstrate a massively parallel quantum gate array, which allows the creation of a highly entangled many-body cluster state through coherent collisions between atoms on neighbouring lattice sites. In magnetic microtraps on an atom chip, we demonstrate coherent manipulation of atomic qubit states and measure coherence lifetimes exceeding one second at micron-distance from the chip surface. We show that microwave near-fields on the chip can be used to create state-dependent potentials for the implementation of a quantum controlled phase gate with these robust qubit states. For single atom detection and preparation, we have developed high finesse fiber Fabry-Perot cavities and integrated them on the atom chip. We present an experiment in which we detected a very small number of cold atoms magnetically trapped in the cavity using the atom chip.
Magnetic resonance in an ensemble of laser-cooled trapped Rb atoms is excited using a microcantilever with a magnetic tip. The cantilever is mounted on a multilayer chip designed to capture, cool, and magnetically transport cold atoms. The coupling is observed by measuring the loss from a magnetic trap as the oscillating cantilever induces Zeeman-state transitions in the atoms. Interfacing cold atoms with mechanical devices could enable probing and manipulating atomic spins with nanometer spatial resolution and single-spin sensitivity, leading to new capabilities in quantum computation, quantum simulation, and precision sensing.