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St Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal Physics and Mathematics

Microfabricated cells for chip-scale atomic clock based on coherent population trapping: Fabrication and investigation

Ермак Сергей Викторович, V. V. Semenov, Пятышев Евгений Нилович, Alexey Kazakin, Ivan Komarevtsev, Величко Елена Николаевна, Vadim Vladimirovich Davydov, Mikhail V. Petrenko

Published Mar 1, 2015• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A universal method for fabrication of miniature cells for frequency standards and quantum magnetometers containing 87Rb atoms in the atmosphere of inert gas neon based on integrated technologies is considered. The results of experimental studies of coherent population trapping signals observed for a series of cells which provided recovery of vapors of an alkali metal from the rubidium dichromate salt with the help of laser radiation are presented. The coherent population trapping signals with a typical linewidth of 2–3 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 1500 in the 1-Hz bandwidth were observed, which allows one to provide a relative frequency stability of atomic clock of 10−11 at 100 s.

DOI
10.1016/j.spjpm.2015.03.003

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A universal method for fabrication of miniature cells for frequency standards and quantum magnetometers containing 87Rb atoms in the atmosphere of inert gas neon based on integrated technologies is considered. The results of experimental studies of coherent population trapping signals observed for a series of cells which provided recovery of vapors of an alkali metal from the rubidium dichromate salt with the help of laser radiation are presented. The coherent population trapping signals with a typical linewidth of 2–3 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 1500 in the 1-Hz bandwidth were observed, which allows one to provide a relative frequency stability of atomic clock of 10−11 at 100 s.
The article presents the results of the development, fabrication and investigation of miniature cesium vapor cells for quantum frequency standards with optical pumping, working on the effect of coherent population trapping. Microelectromechanical systems technologies were used in the manufacture of cells. For the first time, the dry silicon etching in inductively coupled plasma of sulfur hexafluoride and freon gas in a mixed mode was used to form internal cavities of cells with a thickness of 1.5 mm. Vacuum-tight sealing of cells containing a solid-state source of cesium vapor and buffer gas was carried out by anodic bonding of glass and silicon in a neon atmosphere. The coherent population trapping signal with a linewidth of 750 Hz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 1190 in the 1-Hz bandwidth was observed. Experimental results show that these microcells are appropriate for applications to atomic clock with a relative frequency stability of6⋅10−116\cdot 10^{-11}6⋅10−11at 1 s.
A novel technique for microfabricating alkali atom vapor cells is described in which alkali atoms are evaporated into a micromachined cell cavity through a glass nozzle. A cell of interior volume 1 mm3, containing 87Rb and a buffer gas, was made in this way and integrated into an atomic clock based on coherent population trapping. A fractional frequency instability of 6 x 10(-12) at 1000 s of integration was measured. The long-term drift of the F=1, mF=0-->F=2, mF=0 hyperfine frequency of atoms in these cells is below 5 x 10(-11)/day.
We describe the fabrication of Rubidium (Rb) vapor cells using glass-silicon anodic bonding techniques and chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide. The pure metallic Rb drops and buffer gases were obtained in the cells with few mm3internal volumes. The optical absorption resonance of85Rb D1 transition with proper broadening and the corresponding coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance, with a signal contrast of 1.5% and linewidth of about 1.7 KHz, have been detected at 90degC.
To Obtain an appropriate coherent population trapping (CPT) signal through a miniature atomic vapor cell is one of the key steps to implement a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC). In the present experiment, the high S/N differential CPT spectral line has been achieved with a miniature atomic vapor cell through modulating the laser and extracting 87Rb atom laser interacting signal using the phase sensitive demodulation technique. With the spectral line, the dependence of CPT signal on the working parameters and the dependence of frequency stability of CSAC on the quality of the CPT signal have been studied; the obtained experimental results agree well with the theoretical prediction, which can be used as the recommended working parameters for CSAC. The methods exploited in the experiment can be implemented in the resource of a CSAC, therefore this experiment explores for CSAC the practical approaches of performance optimization.
An atomic magnetometer based on coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in microfabricated vapor cells is demonstrated. Fabricated by the micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) technology, the cells are filled with Rb and Ne at a controlled pressure. An experimental apparatus is built for characterizing properties of microfabricated vapor cells via the CPT effects. The typical CPT linewidth is measured to be about 3 kHz (1.46 kHz with approximately zero laser intensity) for the rubidium D1 line at about 90 °C. The effects of pressure, temperature and laser intensity on CPT linewidth are studied experimentally. A closed-loop atomic magnetometer is finally finished with a sensitivity of 210.5 pT/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz bandwidth. This work paves the way for developing an integrated chip-scale atomic magnetometer in the future.
We describe the microfabrication of 85 Rb vapour cells using a glass-silicon anodic bonding technique and in situ chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide to produce Rb. Under controlled conditions, the pure metallic Rb drops and buffer gases were obtained in the cells with a few mm 3 internal volumes during the cell sealing process. At an ambient temperature of 90 °C the optical absorption resonance of 85 Rb D1 transition with proper broadening and the corresponding coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance, with a signal contrast of 1.5% and linewidth of about 1.7 kHz, have been detected. The sealing quality and the stability of the cells have also been demonstrated experimentally by using the helium leaking detection and the after-9-month optoelectronics measurement which shows a similar CPT signal as its original status. In addition, the physics package of chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) based on the cell was realized. The measured frequency stability of the physics package can reach to 2.1 × 10 −10 at one second when the cell was heated to 100 °C which proved that the cell has the quality to be used in portable and battery-operated devices.