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Applied Optics

Bistable optical devices with laser diodes coupled to absorbers of narrow spectral bandwidth

Yoshinobu Maeda

Published Jun 20, 1994• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An optical signal inverter was demonstrated with a combination of the following two effects: One is the decrease of the transmission of an Er-doped YAG crystal with increasing red shift of a laser diode resulting from an increase in the injection current, and the other is a negative nonlinear absorption in which the transmission decreases inversely with increasing laser intensity. Because a hysteresis characteristic exists in the relationship between the wavelength and the injection current of the laser diode, an optical bistability was observed in this system.

DOI
10.1364/ao.33.004077

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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics•Jun 1, 2000•0 citations
An optical signal inverter was demonstrated with a combination of the following two effects: One is the decrease of the transmission of an Er-doped YAG crystal with increasing red shift of a laser diode resulting from an increase in the injection current, and the other is a negative nonlinear absorption in which the transmission decreases inversely with increasing laser intensity. Because a hysteresis characteristic exists in the relationship between the wavelength and the injection current of the laser diode, an optical bistability was observed in this system.
Optical signal inverter and memory were demonstrated through a purely optical approach in a simple structure composed of a laser diode and an Er-doped YAG crystal.The intensity of an output laser transmitted through the Er:YAG was suddenly decreased by increasing the injection current to put the oscillation wavelength of the laser close to the central absorption peak of the Er:YAG at 787.6nm.In addition, the transmission of the Er:YAG versus injection current characteristics showed hysteresis and optical bistability.These effects were caused by the red shift and the hysteresis of the wavelength of the laser diode against the injection current.With the use of these effects, the optical signal inverter and memory were realized at a response time of 100ps.
Optical bistability was observed in a simple structure of an injection laser diode combined with an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal. Since a hysteresis characteristic exists in the relationship between the wavelength and the injection current of a laser diode, an optical memory function capable of holding the output status is confirmed. In addition, an optical signal inversion was caused by the decrease of transmission of the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal against the red shift (principally mode hopping) of the laser diode. It is suggested that the switching time of this phenomenon is the time necessary for a mode hopping by current injection.
Using a modulated laser diode, dependence of a negative nonlinear absorption effect on both the wavelength and the sample length was observed in an erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has a four-level energy structure. The effect was seen at wavelengths of 787.4 to 788.6 nm in excited state absorption spectra which showed a peak corresponding to the transition from 4 I 13/2 to 2 H 11/2 in Er3+ for sample lengths greater than 2.0 mm. An optical signal inverter which had a negative input-output characteristic was realized using the negative nonlinear absorption effect.
A negative input-output characteristic was obtained in an erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has multiple-level energy structure: absorption can occur between a ground level and an excited level (4I15/2-4I9/2) and between two other excited levels (4I13/2-2H11/2) in Er3+. It was caused at the wavelength between 786.6 and 788.4nm by the variation of incident laser intensity in the intensity range of 60 nW/cm2 to 100 W/cm2. It is considered that an enhanced absorption occurs due to the excited state absorption from 4I13/2 to 2H11/2. Because its spectra match the wavelength dependence of the incident laser. In addition, optical signal inverter phenomenon was observed using a laser diode modulated with 10 MHz. By considering multiple excited state absorption in detail, active functions such as an optical signal inverter could be derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect.
A negative input-output characteristic was obtained in an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has multiple-level energy structure: absorption can occur between a ground level and an excited level (4I−4I) and between two other excited levels (4I−2H) in Er3+. It occurred at a wavelength between 786.6 and 788.4 nm by variation of the incident laser intensity in the intensity range of 60 nW/cm2 to 100 W/cm2. It is considered that an enhanced absorption occurs due to the excited-state absorption from 4I to 2H, its spectra matching the wavelength dependence of the incident laser In addition, optical signal inverter phenomenon was observed using a laser diode modulated at 10 MHz. By considering multiple excited-state absorption in detail, active functions such as an optical signal inverter could be derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(4): 74–80, 1997
Optical bistability derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect was investigated in 470 ppm erbium-doped fibers using a 1.5 µm laser diode. Optical bistability was observed in a laser intensity range of 0.3 W/cm2 to 2.5 kW/cm2 at a fiber length of 6 m. The transmitted laser intensity (I out), propagating through the fiber, decreased exponentially in accordance with the well-known exponential law. However, the amplitude of the optical bistability (ΔI out) increased logarithmically as the fiber length was increased. It was clarified that ΔI out was proportional to the product of exp (-L) and log (L) as a function of the fiber length (L). The optical bistability can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.