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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Intensity noise of erbium-doped fiber laser based on full quantum theory

Wenjun Yue, YunXiang Wang, Cai-Dong Xiong, Zhiyong Wang, Qi Qiu

Published Jan 7, 2013• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Traditionally, by means of full quantum theory, we present the intensity noise transfer function of an Er-doped fiber laser, on the basis of which we analyze the spectrum of the intensity noise. Our theoretical results are in agreement with the existing experiment results. This model explains not only how the noise is produced, but also how the spontaneous emission and dipole fluctuations have an effect on the output noise, which cannot be explained via rate equation theory. We analyze the physical sources of various contributions to the noise spectrum as well. The simulation results show that the noise of the Er-doped fiber laser mainly consists of the vacuum noise resulting from the output coupling, dipole fluctuation noise, the pump source intensity noise, and the spontaneous emission from the upper level to the ground level, which provides the theoretical basis for noise suppression. Compared to the solid laser, the Er-doped fiber laser shows lower resonant relaxation oscillation frequency.

DOI
10.1364/josab.30.000275

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Traditionally, by means of full quantum theory, we present the intensity noise transfer function of an Er-doped fiber laser, on the basis of which we analyze the spectrum of the intensity noise. Our theoretical results are in agreement with the existing experiment results. This model explains not only how the noise is produced, but also how the spontaneous emission and dipole fluctuations have an effect on the output noise, which cannot be explained via rate equation theory. We analyze the physical sources of various contributions to the noise spectrum as well. The simulation results show that the noise of the Er-doped fiber laser mainly consists of the vacuum noise resulting from the output coupling, dipole fluctuation noise, the pump source intensity noise, and the spontaneous emission from the upper level to the ground level, which provides the theoretical basis for noise suppression. Compared to the solid laser, the Er-doped fiber laser shows lower resonant relaxation oscillation frequency.
Characteristics of noise in erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) are theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. Four discreet energy models are used for erbium ion transition. Spatially varying photon number for traveling optical field was defined in a spatially divided segment with finite length, whose length is decided by property of the spontaneous emission. Quantitative evaluation of the Langevin noise sources becomes possible by this model. The amplified spontaneous emission was included in terms of discrete longitudinal mode, which is defined for whole length of the EDFA. It was found that the relative intensity noise (RIN) in the EDFA hardly changes with noise frequency in the region higher than several kHz. The phase noise in EDFA also hardly changes with the noise frequency. The frequency noise of the signal light in the EDFA increases proportional to squared value of the noise frequency. The amount of RIN and the phase noise decrease in higher input optical power. Good correspondence between theoretical and experimental results was obtained.
The quantum noise properties of atomic and semiconductor lasers are compared. The intensity fluctuation spectrum of the output field is calculated for the case of regularly, i.e., sub-Poissonian, pumped lasers. The effects of spontaneous emission on the output amplitude fluctuations may be suppressed in regularly pumped atomic lasers by requiring the lifetime of the lower lasing level to be short in comparison with that of the upper laser level. The output amplitude fluctuations then tend to zero at the laser frequency. In regularly pumped semiconductor lasers, net stimulated emission of photons dominates over spontaneous emission because of the combination of pumping and rapid intraband thermalization due to Coulomb scattering.
We consider the problem of reducing the contributions of pump and spontaneous-emission noise to the output noise of a laser field. We consider two models based on an atomic medium, one analytic, the other involving numerical simulation of a sequence of pump cycles. The predictions of both models are shown to agree. For regular pump excitation the intensity fluctuations of a laser well above threshold may be reduced to zero at the cavity resonance frequency if the ratio of the lifetimes of the upper and lower lasing levels is sufficiently large that spontaneous emission is suppressed. When the atomic lifetimes are comparable, spontaneous emission reduces the amount of noise reduction. For example, for equal atomic lifetimes regular pump excitation will result in a maximum noise reduction in the output field of one-half the shot-noise limit.
The instantaneous effect of and dynamics of Er-doped fiber laser is studied.The transient effect mechanism of Er-doped fiber laser under the pumping disturbance is a kind of forced vibration behavior.The paper gives the photon population density perturbations with time in Er-doped fiber laser and the fluctuation functions of photon population density are solved at the first order approximation When pumping perturbations have white noise characteristics,the dynamical characteristic of the laser is increased with pumping perturbations;the resonance absorption extent is widened,but it makes the stability of the laser reduced at the same time.This paper elaborates that the value of photon population density will increase along with the increase of the ion density and the photon life in the resonance phenomenon,and the unstability of the laser will be strong,but the opposite value will be diminished.
A study is made of the noise in the output intensity of a high-power superfluorescent fiber radiation source generating 20 mW in the 1.55 μ m region of the spectrum. The source is constructed in an all-fiber technology from a quartz fiber activated with ytterbium and erbium. It is found that the spectral density of the noise in the frequency range 100–500 kHz is uniform and corresponds to the excess noise of “thermal” sources. It is shown that the noise in the output intensity of the source can be compensated (decreased by an order of magnitude) in a two-channel scheme of photodetection, where it approaches a level close to the photon shot noise.
Experimental investigations illustrating the intensity noise properties of injection-locked solid-state lasers were performed. The measured results are predicted by a quantum mechanical model. The theory describes the intensity noise transfer to the slave laser’s output for large modulation signals as well as for signals at the quantum noise level. Different frequency regions in the intensity noise spectrum are identified and it is shown that there exist different minimum noise levels in these regions. Under appropriate conditions, injection-locked lasers can generate non-classical light.