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Superconductor Science and Technology

Experimental investigation of a high frequency sampling system based on shunted Josephson junctions

V. K. Kaplunenko, M. Khabipov, E. Goldobin

Published Nov 1, 1991• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors propose a new type of sampler design based on shunted junctions ( beta c =1). The sampler is to be used for the investigation of single flux quantum devices (RSFQ) employing similar junctions (Kaplunenko et al. 1989, Filippenko et al. 1991). They measure the time resolution of the sampler and delay time of the shunted Josephson junction array. The circuit was manufactured on a single chip and was DC powered. They employed Nb-AlO x -Nb tunnel junctions of 300 A m -2 critical current density and observed Josephson oscillations of the output junction at frequencies from 6 to 50 GHz. Despite a long plasma period of 20 ps the time resolution was 5 ps. The transmission line of 27 Josephson junctions (critical current 165 mu A each) demonstrated time delay of 0.5 ps mu A -1 .

DOI
10.1088/0953-2048/4/11/033

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•Jan 1, 1994•0 citations
The authors propose a new type of sampler design based on shunted junctions ( beta c =1). The sampler is to be used for the investigation of single flux quantum devices (RSFQ) employing similar junctions (Kaplunenko et al. 1989, Filippenko et al. 1991). They measure the time resolution of the sampler and delay time of the shunted Josephson junction array. The circuit was manufactured on a single chip and was DC powered. They employed Nb-AlO x -Nb tunnel junctions of 300 A m -2 critical current density and observed Josephson oscillations of the output junction at frequencies from 6 to 50 GHz. Despite a long plasma period of 20 ps the time resolution was 5 ps. The transmission line of 27 Josephson junctions (critical current 165 mu A each) demonstrated time delay of 0.5 ps mu A -1 .
A new generation of the Josephson digital circuits-rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) devices-based on overdamped externally shunted high quality Nb-AlO x -Nb tunnel junctions have been designed, fabricated and experimentally investigated. All-refractory material 11-layer 5 mu m integrated technology has been successfully employed for the preparation of the RSFQ microcircuits. The T flip-flop has been demonstrated to operate properly up to clock frequencies of 100 GHz at 25% margins. The proper operation of the buffer stage for a one-directional SFQ pulse transmission at clock frequencies up to 125 GHz has been achieved. The possibilities to convert the information from the usual DC form to SFQ and vice versa have been demonstrated. An output signal in an SFQ/DC converter as high as 220 mu V has been measured. A new counter type A/D converter which includes a comparator and reversible binary counter with DC outputs has been fabricated and tested. The proposed ADC seems to be very promising for high-accuracy measurement of medium-bandwidth signals. The possibilities of creating a number of SFQ devices with outstanding parameters are discussed.
Several novel circuits of the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) family of Josephson-junction digital devices have been designed, fabricated using a 2.5- mu m 1000-A/cm/sup 2/ Nb trilayer technology, and tested at low frequencies. Numerical simulation and measurements have shown that these circuits have considerably wider parameter margins, due to application of several novel design methods. The authors have also carried out an experiment to measure the rate of errors in a simple RSFQ circuit including an inverter, confluence buffer, and Josephson transmission line. Near the middle of the parameter window at 4.2 K, the error probability was definitely lower than 3*10/sup -15/ per logic operation, despite experimentation with rudimentary shielding and filtering.>
An integrated circuit including all basic components of the recently suggested Resistive Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) logic family has been designed, fabricated and tested successfully. The circuit includes a generator of periodic SFQ pulses, four buffer/amplifier stages for splitting, channeling and regeneration of the pulses, a detector/load stage, and universal RSFQ logic gate (here performing the NOT function). The 10μm design rule circuit employs 13 active Nb - Al2O3- Nb Josephson junctions with the critical current density ∼ 0.5 kA/cm2. externally shunted by Mo resistors with R 1 Ohm. The shunting provided critical damping of the junctions (\beta_{c}\lsim 1) and reasonable (\sim 500 \muV) IcR product. The circuit operation has been tested by measurement of dc voltages\bar{V}_{i}across various Josephson junctions as functions of the dc current through the pulse generator. Correct and stable operation of the circuit for the clock frequencies from 0 to ∼30 GHz has been demonstrated.
A simple test circuit of the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) logic family has been implemented in a planarized all-refractory technology using only two superconducting layers and small Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions (nominally 1.5×1.5 μm2) with critical current density jc≊6 kA/cm2. A special layout design of the integrated circuit (including a SFQ pulse generator, Josephson transmission line, and T flip–flop) was used to reduce 3D inductances resulting from absence of the ground plane. For samples with various junction parameters, the maximum frequency of the SFQ pulse train, which could be divided by 2 by the flip–flop, ranged from 200 to 370 GHz.
We present a technique for linewidth measurement and phase-locking of Josephson oscillators using digital rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) circuits. The oscillator consists of a resistively shunted 6 /spl mu/m/spl times/6 /spl mu/m Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson tunnel junction that is integrated with RSFQ input and output circuits. A cascade of RSFQ T flip-flops is used to directly monitor the output of the Josephson oscillator. Spectral characteristics have been measured directly for oscillator frequencies ranging from 10-50 GHz. The linewidth can be reduced by over 100 times by phase-locking the oscillator to an RSFQ pulse train generated by an external sinusoidal signal. These Josephson oscillators can be used as on-chip stable high frequency clocks for RSFQ circuits.
This thesis is devoted to some selected applications of the Josephson junction oscillator. The initial work was performed using low-Tc Nb/PbBi tunnel junctions, while the later parts were done using the recently developed high-Tc YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) Josephson junctions. The latter junctions have raised the hope for Josephson oscillator applications with substantially increased operation frequencies and temperatures. In the first part of this thesis the use of inductor-resistor (LR) shunted tunnel junctions in arrays of phase locked Josephson junction oscillators was investigated. The LR shunt is designed to resonate out the intrinsic tunnel junction capacitance at the operation frequency. We show that LR shunted tunnel junctions have important advantages compared to the commonly used resistively shunted tunnel junctions; i.e. narrower linewidths, higher impedance of the junctions and that they can be optimized also at frequencies higher than about 100 GHz. Design rules for stable, non-chaotic oscillations with optimized output power were developed. Measurements on a non- optimized circuit show that oscillator arrays of LR shunted tunnel junctions can generate substantial power, ~10 nW to a 300 .OMEGA. load at 390 GHz from a 10 junction array. In the second part the phase locking of YBCO Josephson junctions was clearly demonstrated for the first time. Mutual phase locking of two junctions was observed at frequencies between 0.2 and 1 THz, and was only limited by the bandwidth of the coupling circuit. The locking was in good agreement with simulations based on the resistively shunted junction model. The interaction of a single Josephson junction with a 5 junction oscillator array was also measured at frequencies up to about 350 GHz, but was substantially reduced by the high losses of the coupling circuit. The YBCO Josephson junctions were found to be interesting candidates for microwave generation at frequencies approaching 1 THz and oscillator arrays to be mainly limited by the high losses of the coupling circuits at these frequencies. In the third part the interaction of YBCO Josephson junctions with integrated resonators were studied for the first time. Using a novel method, Josephson Broadband Spectroscopy (JOBS), the high frequency properties of the resonators were measured with a bandwidth of up to 1 THz and in the temperature range 4-77 K. The YBCO surface resistance (9 m.OMEGA. at 4 K and 100 GHz) was found to scale as f2 and had a temperature dependence in good agreement with the two-fluid model, modified with 18% non-pairing charge carriers. The YBCO London penetration depth was frequency independent (460 nm at 4 K) and had a temperature dependence in agreement with the two-fluid model.