Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Applied Optics

Tunable VUV light generation for the low-level resonant ionization detection of krypton

Steven D. Kramer, C. H. Chen, M. G. Payne, G. S. Hurst, Bernhard E. Lehmann

Published Oct 15, 1983• 29 citations
Publisher

Abstract

High-power tunable VUV light pulses with energies up to 0.7 μJ were generated in the 115.7–116.9-nm region by use of a two-photon resonant four-wave mixing scheme in a Xe–Ar gas mixture. This is the highest reported pulse energy that has been produced in this wavelength region using a four-wave mixing process. Efficient detection of krypton isotopes at densities as low as 10 atoms/cm3 was demonstrated by resonantly ionizing the atom through its one-photon allowed state at the vacuum wavelength of 116.49 nm.

DOI
10.1364/ao.22.003271

Related papers

Resonant four‐wave mixing processes in xenon

Yun Mui Yiu, Keith Bonin, Thomas J. Mcilrath

Two‐photon resonantly enhanced four‐wave processes in xenon involving the intermediate states were utilized to generate coherent VUV radiation at several wavelengths between 125.9 nm and 101.8 nm. Maximum efficiencies of the order of 10−4 were achieved. The use of these processes for producing tunable VUV output with Xe is given and generation of tunable VUV using two‐photon resonances in other rare gases is discussed.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 1982•1 citation

Generation of tunable coherent radiation below 1000 Å by four-wave mixing in krypton

Keith Bonin, Thomas J. Mcilrath

Coherent, narrow-band, tunable radiation in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region was generated by a two-photon resonantly enhanced four-wave mixing process in krypton. Sum-generated radiation was produced near 942, 928, and 923 A with power efficiencies as high as 10−5. Difference-generated radiation near 1312 Å was also detected.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Apr 1, 1985•29 citations

Measurement of high conversion efficiency to 123.6-nm radiation in a four-wave-mixing scheme enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency

C. Franklin Dorman, İbrahim Küçükkara, J. P. Marangos

We report measurements of the absolute yield of 123.6-nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing scheme in krypton enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency. One of the mixing fields, in the ultraviolet (UV) at 212.55 nm, was in two-photon resonance with the ${4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}--{4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition of krypton, while a second field (the coupling field) at 759 nm was resonant with the ${4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]{\ensuremath{-}4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition. Electromagnetically induced transparency has been predicted to be induced by this coupling field and to enhance the efficiency of the generation of the field at 123.6 nm, on the ${4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ to ${4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ transition. This was confirmed by measurements of the absolute VUV radiation yield using a calibrated photodiode in the limit of a large density-length product. Energies of \ensuremath{\sim}30 nJ were produced, which gave a conversion efficiency, from the coupling field energy of \ensuremath{\sim}1%. Higher yields are thought to be achievable by increasing the coupling laser intensity, the path length of the medium, and by the use of a transform-limited UV pulse of the same duration as the coupling field.

Physical Review A•Dec 8, 1999•50 citations

Generation of continuously tunable coherent vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in Cd vapor

Kenzo Miyazaki, Hirofumi Sakai, Takuzo Sato

Continuously tunable coherent vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation has been generated in the 128.7-135.3-nm region by two-photon resonant four-wave mixing in Cd vapor. The generated VUV has no spectral structure over the tuning range and indicates that Cd vapor is an efficient nonlinear medium for frequency conversion.

Optics Letters•Oct 1, 1984•14 citations

Generation of high-brightness coherent radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet by four-wave parametric oscillation in mercury vapor

Jeffrey Bokor A, Richard R. Freeman, R. L. Panock +1 more

Coherent radiation at several wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) has been generated by four-wave parametric oscillation in mercury vapor. When a powerful ultraviolet pump laser of frequency omega(p) is tuned to a two-photon resonance, VUV signal photons at frequency omega(s), as well as idler photons at frequency omega(i), are generated such that omega(s) + omega(i) = 2omega(p). A frequency-doubled dye laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s6d(1)D(2) level near 280.3 nm produced output at 184.9 and 143.5 nm. A tunable krypton fluoride excimer laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s10s (1)S(0) level near 248.7 nm produced output at 140.1, 130.7, 130.1, 125.9, and 125.0 nm. Approximately 1-microJ, 200-W pulses were observed at 143.5 and 125.9 nm.

Optics Letters•Apr 1, 1981•60 citations

Near-resonant four-wave mixing of attosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses with near-infrared pulses in neon: Detection of electronic coherences

Wei Cao, Erika R. Warrick, Ashley P. Fidler +2 more

Coherent narrow-band extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light is generated by a near-resonant four-wave mixing (FWM) process between attosecond pulse trains and near-infrared pulses in neon gas. The near-resonant FWM process involves one vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photon and two near-infrared (NIR) photons and produces new higher-energy frequency components corresponding to the $ns/nd$ to ground-state $(2{s}^{2}2{p}^{6})$ transitions in the neon atom. The EUV emission exhibits small angular divergence (2 mrad) and monotonically increasing intensity over a pressure range of 0.5--16 Torr, suggesting phase matching in the production of the narrow-bandwidth coherent EUV light. In addition, time-resolved scans of the NIR nonlinear mixing process reveal the detection of a persistent, ultrafast bound electronic wave packet based on a coherent superposition initiated by the VUV pulse in the neon atoms. This FWM process using attosecond pulses offers a means for both efficient narrow-band EUV source generation and time-resolved investigations of ultrafast dynamics.

Physical Review A•Aug 8, 2016•48 citations
High-power tunable VUV light pulses with energies up to 0.7 μJ were generated in the 115.7–116.9-nm region by use of a two-photon resonant four-wave mixing scheme in a Xe–Ar gas mixture. This is the highest reported pulse energy that has been produced in this wavelength region using a four-wave mixing process. Efficient detection of krypton isotopes at densities as low as 10 atoms/cm3 was demonstrated by resonantly ionizing the atom through its one-photon allowed state at the vacuum wavelength of 116.49 nm.
We report measurements of the absolute yield of 123.6-nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing scheme in krypton enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency. One of the mixing fields, in the ultraviolet (UV) at 212.55 nm, was in two-photon resonance with the 4p61S0−−4p55p[0,12]{4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}--{4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]4p61S0​−−4p55p[0,21​] transition of krypton, while a second field (the coupling field) at 759 nm was resonant with the ${4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]{\ensuremath{-}4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition. Electromagnetically induced transparency has been predicted to be induced by this coupling field and to enhance the efficiency of the generation of the field at 123.6 nm, on the 4p55s[1,12]{4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]4p55s[1,21​] to 4p61S0{4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}4p61S0​ transition. This was confirmed by measurements of the absolute VUV radiation yield using a calibrated photodiode in the limit of a large density-length product. Energies of \ensuremath{\sim}30 nJ were produced, which gave a conversion efficiency, from the coupling field energy of \ensuremath{\sim}1%. Higher yields are thought to be achievable by increasing the coupling laser intensity, the path length of the medium, and by the use of a transform-limited UV pulse of the same duration as the coupling field.
Coherent radiation at several wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) has been generated by four-wave parametric oscillation in mercury vapor. When a powerful ultraviolet pump laser of frequency omega(p) is tuned to a two-photon resonance, VUV signal photons at frequency omega(s), as well as idler photons at frequency omega(i), are generated such that omega(s) + omega(i) = 2omega(p). A frequency-doubled dye laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s6d(1)D(2) level near 280.3 nm produced output at 184.9 and 143.5 nm. A tunable krypton fluoride excimer laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s10s (1)S(0) level near 248.7 nm produced output at 140.1, 130.7, 130.1, 125.9, and 125.0 nm. Approximately 1-microJ, 200-W pulses were observed at 143.5 and 125.9 nm.
Coherent narrow-band extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light is generated by a near-resonant four-wave mixing (FWM) process between attosecond pulse trains and near-infrared pulses in neon gas. The near-resonant FWM process involves one vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photon and two near-infrared (NIR) photons and produces new higher-energy frequency components corresponding to the ns/ndns/ndns/nd to ground-state (2s22p6)(2{s}^{2}2{p}^{6})(2s22p6) transitions in the neon atom. The EUV emission exhibits small angular divergence (2 mrad) and monotonically increasing intensity over a pressure range of 0.5--16 Torr, suggesting phase matching in the production of the narrow-bandwidth coherent EUV light. In addition, time-resolved scans of the NIR nonlinear mixing process reveal the detection of a persistent, ultrafast bound electronic wave packet based on a coherent superposition initiated by the VUV pulse in the neon atoms. This FWM process using attosecond pulses offers a means for both efficient narrow-band EUV source generation and time-resolved investigations of ultrafast dynamics.