© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

Optics Letters

Generation of high-brightness coherent radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet by four-wave parametric oscillation in mercury vapor

Jeffrey Bokor A, Richard R. Freeman, R. L. Panock, J. C. White

Published Apr 1, 1981• 60 citations

Abstract

Coherent radiation at several wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) has been generated by four-wave parametric oscillation in mercury vapor. When a powerful ultraviolet pump laser of frequency omega(p) is tuned to a two-photon resonance, VUV signal photons at frequency omega(s), as well as idler photons at frequency omega(i), are generated such that omega(s) + omega(i) = 2omega(p). A frequency-doubled dye laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s6d(1)D(2) level near 280.3 nm produced output at 184.9 and 143.5 nm. A tunable krypton fluoride excimer laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s10s (1)S(0) level near 248.7 nm produced output at 140.1, 130.7, 130.1, 125.9, and 125.0 nm. Approximately 1-microJ, 200-W pulses were observed at 143.5 and 125.9 nm.

DOI: 10.1364/ol.6.000182

Related papers

Generation of continuously tunable coherent vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in Cd vapor

Kenzo Miyazaki, Hirofumi Sakai, Takuzo Sato

Continuously tunable coherent vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation has been generated in the 128.7-135.3-nm region by two-photon resonant four-wave mixing in Cd vapor. The generated VUV has no spectral structure over the tuning range and indicates that Cd vapor is an efficient nonlinear medium for frequency conversion.

Optics Letters•Oct 1, 1984•14 citations

TUNABLE VACUUM-ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION GENERATED BY TWO-PHTON RESONANTFOUR-WAVE DIFFERENCE MIXING IN Hg VAPOR

Huang Xian-ling, Zongju Xia, ZOU YING-HUA +1 more

Vacuum-ultra violet radiation is generated by 61S0-61D2 or 61S0-63D2 two photon resonant four-wave difference mixing (ω4=2ω1-ω3) in Hg vapor. VUV radiation is tunable when one of the input wave (ω3) is tuned, the tuning range is 184.9-187.5 nm. The mechanism of this frenquency conversion, for example, the two-photon and single-photon resonant enhancement and phase matching have been investigeted. The competing processes and saturation effect on conversion efficiency have been analyzed. Using the generated tunable VUV radiation, we have recorded the absorption spetrum of O2 in air.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 1990•0 citations

A spectrally bright wavelength-switchable vacuum ultraviolet source driven by quantum coherence in strong-field-ionized molecules

Yuexin Wan, Zhaoxiang Liu, Jinping Yao +6 more

Abstract We report generation of spectrally bright vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and deep UV (DUV) coherent radiations at the wavelengths of 192 nm, 198 nm and 204 nm. These DUV/VUV radiations originate from resonant four-wave mixing assisted by quantum coherence in tunnel-ionized CO molecules. The electronic coherence is created when the pump pulses resonantly excite electronic transitions of CO+. The technique allows for the selective switch of DUV/VUV wavelengths provided by the abundant energy levels of molecular ions. The developed source can have arbitrary polarization states by manipulating the polarization of the pump pulse. It also exhibits a spectral bandwidth of 5∼7 cm−1, a divergence angle of 3∼5 mrad, a pulse duration of ∼10 ps, and a photon flux of ∼1010 photons/s. The superior temporal and spectral properties give rise to a broadband Raman comb in the DUV/VUV region.

arXiv:2007.11900•New Journal of Physics•Jan 21, 2021•6 citations

Generation of continuously tunable coherent vacuum-ultraviolet radiation (140 to 106 nm) in zinc vapor

W. Jamroz, Paul E. LaRocque, Boris Peter Stoicheff

It is shown that resonantly enhanced, four-wave frequency mixing in Zn vapor provides coherent vacuum-ultraviolet radiation that is continuously tunable over the range 140.4 to 106.3 nm (or ~23000 cm(-1)).

Optics Letters•Dec 1, 1982•43 citations

Generation of tunable coherent radiation below 1000 Å by four-wave mixing in krypton

Keith Bonin, Thomas J. Mcilrath

Coherent, narrow-band, tunable radiation in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region was generated by a two-photon resonantly enhanced four-wave mixing process in krypton. Sum-generated radiation was produced near 942, 928, and 923 A with power efficiencies as high as 10−5. Difference-generated radiation near 1312 Å was also detected.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Apr 1, 1985•29 citations

Generation of infrared and extreme-ultraviolet radiation in krypton with picosecond irradiation at 193 nm

Mahnaz Shahidi, Ting S. Luk, C. K. Rhodes

The nonlinear interaction of neutral krypton atoms with picosecond 193-nm radiation with intensities ≤1013 W/cm2 has been studied. Because of the relatively high intensity of the applied radiation field and the two-photon resonance of the 4p–6p transition, several competing nonlinear processes were observed that result in the generation of coherent radiation. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from the two-photon-resonant level was observed in the IR frequency at ~2 μm. Additionally, a tunable IR wave, in the same frequency range, was generated by stimulated hyper-Raman scattering of the incident laser. The observed self-generated IR waves induced other nonlinear interactions, which resulted in the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the same medium. Tunable XUV frequency was shown to be generated by four-wave sum mixing of the laser and the hyper-Raman wave. Vacuum-ultraviolet frequency was shown to be generated by four-wave oscillation, and other nontunable XUV frequencies resulted from anti-Stokes Raman scattering of the ASE IR waves.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Nov 1, 1988•7 citations

Coherent radiation at several wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) has been generated by four-wave parametric oscillation in mercury vapor. When a powerful ultraviolet pump laser of frequency omega(p) is tuned to a two-photon resonance, VUV signal photons at frequency omega(s), as well as idler photons at frequency omega(i), are generated such that omega(s) + omega(i) = 2omega(p). A frequency-doubled dye laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s6d(1)D(2) level near 280.3 nm produced output at 184.9 and 143.5 nm. A tunable krypton fluoride excimer laser tuned to two-photon resonance with the 6s10s (1)S(0) level near 248.7 nm produced output at 140.1, 130.7, 130.1, 125.9, and 125.0 nm. Approximately 1-microJ, 200-W pulses were observed at 143.5 and 125.9 nm.

Vacuum-ultra violet radiation is generated by 61S0-61D2 or 61S0-63D2 two photon resonant four-wave difference mixing (ω4=2ω1-ω3) in Hg vapor. VUV radiation is tunable when one of the input wave (ω3) is tuned, the tuning range is 184.9-187.5 nm. The mechanism of this frenquency conversion, for example, the two-photon and single-photon resonant enhancement and phase matching have been investigeted. The competing processes and saturation effect on conversion efficiency have been analyzed. Using the generated tunable VUV radiation, we have recorded the absorption spetrum of O2 in air.

Abstract We report generation of spectrally bright vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and deep UV (DUV) coherent radiations at the wavelengths of 192 nm, 198 nm and 204 nm. These DUV/VUV radiations originate from resonant four-wave mixing assisted by quantum coherence in tunnel-ionized CO molecules. The electronic coherence is created when the pump pulses resonantly excite electronic transitions of CO+. The technique allows for the selective switch of DUV/VUV wavelengths provided by the abundant energy levels of molecular ions. The developed source can have arbitrary polarization states by manipulating the polarization of the pump pulse. It also exhibits a spectral bandwidth of 5∼7 cm−1, a divergence angle of 3∼5 mrad, a pulse duration of ∼10 ps, and a photon flux of ∼1010 photons/s. The superior temporal and spectral properties give rise to a broadband Raman comb in the DUV/VUV region.

The nonlinear interaction of neutral krypton atoms with picosecond 193-nm radiation with intensities ≤1013 W/cm2 has been studied. Because of the relatively high intensity of the applied radiation field and the two-photon resonance of the 4p–6p transition, several competing nonlinear processes were observed that result in the generation of coherent radiation. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from the two-photon-resonant level was observed in the IR frequency at ~2 μm. Additionally, a tunable IR wave, in the same frequency range, was generated by stimulated hyper-Raman scattering of the incident laser. The observed self-generated IR waves induced other nonlinear interactions, which resulted in the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the same medium. Tunable XUV frequency was shown to be generated by four-wave sum mixing of the laser and the hyper-Raman wave. Vacuum-ultraviolet frequency was shown to be generated by four-wave oscillation, and other nontunable XUV frequencies resulted from anti-Stokes Raman scattering of the ASE IR waves.