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Physical Review A

Transmission spectrum of Doppler-broadened two-level atoms in a cavity in the strong-coupling regime

Julio R. Gea-Banacloche, Haibin Wu, Min Xiao

Published Aug 19, 2008• 23 citations

Abstract

We present the theory of ``normal mode splitting'' (sometimes also called, in the low-intensity limit, ``vacuum Rabi splitting'') for a Doppler-broadened two-level medium in an optical cavity, and illustrate it with experimental results. We note that, in the extreme Doppler limit, the absorptive and dispersive properties of the medium are due to almost completely different groups of atoms, and hence it is possible, in principle, to partially saturate the absorbing atoms without changing the dispersion very much; as a result of this, for a sufficiently high probe intensity, transmission peaks well within the Doppler absorption profile are visible, even though the medium is optically dense. Some interesting features exhibited by this system in various regimes are transmission peaks that are unrelated to the ``zero-phase'' condition, and three-peaked transmission spectra for high atomic density and high cavity input power.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.78.023828

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We present the theory of normal mode splitting'' (sometimes also called, in the low-intensity limit, vacuum Rabi splitting'') for a Doppler-broadened two-level medium in an optical cavity, and illustrate it with experimental results. We note that, in the extreme Doppler limit, the absorptive and dispersive properties of the medium are due to almost completely different groups of atoms, and hence it is possible, in principle, to partially saturate the absorbing atoms without changing the dispersion very much; as a result of this, for a sufficiently high probe intensity, transmission peaks well within the Doppler absorption profile are visible, even though the medium is optically dense. Some interesting features exhibited by this system in various regimes are transmission peaks that are unrelated to the ``zero-phase'' condition, and three-peaked transmission spectra for high atomic density and high cavity input power.

We explore the high-density, nonlinear regime of atom-cavity coupling for a gas of three-level atoms at high temperature inside an optical cavity, interacting with the cavity field and a strong driving field. We find a region of parameters where the two side peaks in the transmission spectrum (which, in the linear regime, are associated with ``bright polaritons'') split into two pairs of peaks. Experimental results are presented along with a theoretical model that indicates that this phenomenon is unique to the three-level system in the large Doppler-broadening regime.

Multi-normal-mode splitting peaks are experimentally observed in a system with Doppler-broadened two-level atoms inside a relatively long optical cavity. In this system, the atom-cavity interaction can reach the ``superstrong-coupling'' condition with atom-cavity coupling strength

g\sqrt{N}

to be near or larger than the cavity free-spectral range ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\text{FSR}}$. In such case, normal-mode splitting can occur in many cavity longitudinal modes to generate the multi-normal-mode splitting peaks, which can be well explained by the linear-dispersion enhancement due to the largely increased atomic density in the cavity. Many new interesting phenomena might come out of this superstrong atom-cavity coupling regime.

The normal-mode splitting(or the vacuum Rabi splitting) is a typical strong interaction of atoms in the cavity QED system.Linear-dispersion theory was adopted to research a composite atom-cavity system.By putting absorption and dispersion of intracavity three-energy level atom in the EIT condition(EIT medium) into the formula of the empty-cavity transmission,we can see that a resonance transmission spectrum was split into three transmission spectrums due to absorption and dispersion of EIT medium in the cavity.The method can be applied to all cavities which contain medium of random absorption and dispersion.

We theoretically study the cavity transmission spectra with three-level atoms coupled by a coherent external control field in the superstrong coupling regime (atoms-cavity coupling strength g [square root] N is near or larger than the cavity free-spectral range DeltaFSR). When satisfying the superstrong coupling condition by increasing the number of the interaction atoms, more than one FSR cavity modes interact with atoms and each mode will split three peaks, which can be well explained by the linear dispersion enhancement of electromagnetically induced transparency medium due to the largely increased atomic density in the cavity.

We measure the transmission spectrum of an optical cavity filled with two-level atoms. For small intensities, the coupling between atoms and a single mode of the cavity splits the spectrum into two normal modes: the vacuum Rabi peaks. We gradually decouple the system in two ways and study the evolution of the vacuum Rabi peaks. First we lower the atom-cavity coupling frequency through its intensity dependence, showing that the peaks shift, deform, exhibit frequency hysteresis, and eventually merge into a single peak that approaches the empty cavity resonance. Second we detune the atoms and the cavity mode and observe an avoided crossing. The normal modes of the coupled system transform into the two resonances of the uncoupled system. We map out the transition region and find good agreement with theoretical predictions.