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Applied Physics Letters

A superconductor–insulator–normal metal bolometer with microwave readout suitable for large-format arrays

Daniel R. Schmidt, Konrad W. Lehnert, A. M. Clark, William Duncan, K. D. Irwin, N. Miller, Joel N. Ullom

Published Jan 27, 2005• 44 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1063/1.1855411

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A programmable dc voltage standard for output voltages of up to 10 V has been realized. The series arrays, consisting of about 69120 overdamped superconductor/insulator/normal metal/insulator/superconductor (SINIS) Josephson junctions, have been fabricated using the reliable Nb-Al/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ technology. The arrays can be operated in conventional Josephson voltage standards at microwave frequencies from 70 GHz to 75 GHz. Steps of constant voltage are observed at very low microwave power levels, since the major part of the microwave power is generated by the junctions themselves. The operation of the arrays and the formation of Shapiro steps are discussed.