Physical Review A

Continuous-wave electromagnetically induced transparency: A comparison of V, Λ, and cascade systems

David J. Fulton, Sara Shepherd, Richard R. Moseley, Bruce Sinclair, Malcolm H. Dunn

Published Sep 1, 1995• 254 citations

Abstract

A theoretical and experimental investigation has been carried out into the viability of V-type, \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type, and cascade systems within rubidium for the observation of electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT). A \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type system is also discussed where EIT is induced on a two-photon transition. Continuous-wave single-frequency titanium sapphire lasers have been employed to provide the applied optical fields. It is found that systems that have a strong coupling field resonant with the 5${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ ground state suffer from complicating optical pumping mechanisms that tend to mask EIT windows. It is also found that wavelength matching of the applied optical fields enhances the observation of EIT since this results in a reduced residual Doppler linewidth of the atomic system.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.2302

Related papers

Comparison of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Spectra for Six-level Lambda $\Lambda$ and Five-level V-type Systems

Dipankar Bhattacharyya, Arindam Ghosh, Amitava Bandyopadhyay +2 more

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is experimentally studied in a rubidium vapour cell (without buffer gas, both $^{87}$Rb and $^{85}$Rb present according to their natural abundance) kept within two-layers of $\mu(\mu)$-metal shields to avoid the effect of Earth's magnetic field on the energy levels of atomic rubidium. An external cavity diode laser (ECDL), used as a low power probe laser, is locked to the hyperfine cross-over peak of $F = 2 \rightarrow F' = 2, 3$ transitions of $^{87}$Rb. The frequency of another ECDL, the pump laser, is set to scan the $F=1 \rightarrow F' = 0, 1, 2$ transitions of $^{87}$Rb. These form the $\Lambda$-type six level system. In the V-type system, both the pump and the probe lasers share the same $F = 2$ ground level. The probe beam coming out of the cell is detected by a low noise fast photodetector. The resulting spectra show signature of EIT in the "peak" for the $\Lambda$-type system and in the "dip" for the V-type system. Numerical calculation based simulated spectra are also compared with the experimental spectra. In both the cases very narrow EIT linewidth $(\Gamma_{t} < \Gamma)$ is observed even at high value of pump Rabi-frequency $(\Omega_{c}\gg \Gamma)$. Narrower value of EIT linewidth is due to Doppler averaging phenomena.

Journal of Atomic Molecular Condensate and Nano PhysicsDec 4, 20152 citations

Coherent laser spectroscopy of rubidium atoms

S. Mitra, Md. Mabud Hossain, Biswajit Ray +3 more

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIEOct 8, 20101 citation

Comparison of wavelength dependence in cascade-, Λ-, and Vee-type schemes for electromagnetically induced transparency

J. R. Boon, Evangelini Zekou, David McGloin +1 more

Physical Review AJun 1, 199964 citations

Sub-Doppler linewidth with electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms

Yifu Zhu, T. N. Wasserlauf

Physical Review AOct 1, 199643 citations

Observation of transient electromagnetically induced transparency in a rubidium Λ system

H.X. Chen, Alan V. Durrant, J. P. Marangos +1 more

Physical Review AAug 1, 199857 citations

Experimental observation of a coherently induced transparency on a blue probe in a Doppler-broadened mismatched V-type system

J. R. Boon, Evangelini Zekou, David J. Fulton +1 more

Physical Review AFeb 1, 199861 citations

Physical Review A

Continuous-wave electromagnetically induced transparency: A comparison of V, Λ, and cascade systems

David J. Fulton, Sara Shepherd, Richard R. Moseley, Bruce Sinclair, Malcolm H. Dunn

Published Sep 1, 1995• 254 citations

Publisher

Abstract

{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

ground state suffer from complicating optical pumping mechanisms that tend to mask EIT windows. It is also found that wavelength matching of the applied optical fields enhances the observation of EIT since this results in a reduced residual Doppler linewidth of the atomic system.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.2302

Related papers

Comparison of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Spectra for Six-level Lambda $\Lambda$ and Five-level V-type SystemsComparison of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Spectra for Six-level Lambda $\Lambda$ and Five-level V-type Systems

Dipankar Bhattacharyya, Arindam Ghosh, Amitava Bandyopadhyay +2 more

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is experimentally studied in a rubidium vapour cell (without buffer gas, both $^{87}$ Rb and $^{85}$ Rb present according to their natural abundance) kept within two-layers of $\mu(\mu)$ -metal shields to avoid the effect of Earth's magnetic field on the energy levels of atomic rubidium. An external cavity diode laser (ECDL), used as a low power probe laser, is locked to the hyperfine cross-over peak of $F = 2 \rightarrow F' = 2, 3$ transitions of $^{87}$ Rb. The frequency of another ECDL, the pump laser, is set to scan the $F=1 \rightarrow F' = 0, 1, 2$ transitions of $^{87}$ Rb. These form the $\Lambda$ -type six level system. In the V-type system, both the pump and the probe lasers share the same $F = 2$ ground level. The probe beam coming out of the cell is detected by a low noise fast photodetector. The resulting spectra show signature of EIT in the "peak" for the $\Lambda$ -type system and in the "dip" for the V-type system. Numerical calculation based simulated spectra are also compared with the experimental spectra. In both the cases very narrow EIT linewidth $(\Gamma_{t} < \Gamma)$ is observed even at high value of pump Rabi-frequency $(\Omega_{c}\gg \Gamma)$ . Narrower value of EIT linewidth is due to Doppler averaging phenomena.Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is experimentally studied in a rubidium vapour cell (without buffer gas, both $^{87}$Rb and $^{85}$Rb present according to their natural abundance) kept within two-layers of $\mu(\mu)$-metal shields to avoid the effect of Earth's magnetic field on the energy levels of atomic rubidium. An external cavity diode laser (ECDL), used as a low power probe laser, is locked to the hyperfine cross-over peak of $F = 2 \rightarrow F' = 2, 3$ transitions of $^{87}$Rb. The frequency of another ECDL, the pump laser, is set to scan the $F=1 \rightarrow F' = 0, 1, 2$ transitions of $^{87}$Rb. These form the $\Lambda$-type six level system. In the V-type system, both the pump and the probe lasers share the same $F = 2$ ground level. The probe beam coming out of the cell is detected by a low noise fast photodetector. The resulting spectra show signature of EIT in the "peak" for the $\Lambda$-type system and in the "dip" for the V-type system. Numerical calculation based simulated spectra are also compared with the experimental spectra. In both the cases very narrow EIT linewidth $(\Gamma_{t} < \Gamma)$ is observed even at high value of pump Rabi-frequency $(\Omega_{c}\gg \Gamma)$. Narrower value of EIT linewidth is due to Doppler averaging phenomena.

Journal of Atomic Molecular Condensate and Nano PhysicsDec 4, 20152 citations

Coherent laser spectroscopy of rubidium atoms

S. Mitra, Md. Mabud Hossain, Biswajit Ray +3 more

Laser spectroscopy experiments are reported on rubidium atoms by using two or three external cavity diode lasers to study multiple resonance transitions in Λ- and V-type systems as well as on (Λ+V)-type system. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) peaks having sub-natural line-widths are found on the Doppler broadened transmission backgrounds with velocity selective enhanced absorption dips. In the presence of a pump laser, probe spectrum shows enhancement of EIT signal by tuning the control laser frequency when the Λ- and V-type EIT signals are made to overlap. Theoretical analysis is carried out by solving the optical Bloch equations for five-level atomic model under Λ configuration. With the numerically simulated spectra, variation of EIT transmission peak with ground state decay rate and excited state spontaneous decay rate are investigated. Effect of pump Rabi frequency on the transmission peak is also shown.Laser spectroscopy experiments are reported on rubidium atoms by using two or three external cavity diode lasers to study multiple resonance transitions in Λ- and V-type systems as well as on (Λ+V)-type system. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) peaks having sub-natural line-widths are found on the Doppler broadened transmission backgrounds with velocity selective enhanced absorption dips. In the presence of a pump laser, probe spectrum shows enhancement of EIT signal by tuning the control laser frequency when the Λ- and V-type EIT signals are made to overlap. Theoretical analysis is carried out by solving the optical Bloch equations for five-level atomic model under Λ configuration. With the numerically simulated spectra, variation of EIT transmission peak with ground state decay rate and excited state spontaneous decay rate are investigated. Effect of pump Rabi frequency on the transmission peak is also shown.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIEOct 8, 20101 citation

Comparison of wavelength dependence in cascade-, Λ-, and Vee-type schemes for electromagnetically induced transparency

J. R. Boon, Evangelini Zekou, David McGloin +1 more

We present a theoretical study of the effects of mismatching wavelengths for the coupling and probe fields in Doppler-broadened media for the three basic energy level configurations commonly used to realize electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Three wavelength regimes are considered: mismatched wavelengths for which the coupling frequency is greater than the probe frequency, matched wavelengths for which the coupling and probe frequencies are equal, and mismatched wavelengths for which the probe frequency is greater than the coupling frequency. The transparency that may be induced in these regimes is compared for the cascade-, \ensuremath{\Lambda}-, and Vee-type systems. We show that in the first mismatched regime $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}<{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p})$ EIT is possible in all schemes and is in fact stronger than in the matched case. It is also demonstrated that for the second mismatched regime $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}>{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p})$ EIT can be realized most readily in the Vee-type configuration in the presence of Doppler broadening. These predictions are explained by considering the absorption as a function of both the probe field detuning and the atomic velocity.We present a theoretical study of the effects of mismatching wavelengths for the coupling and probe fields in Doppler-broadened media for the three basic energy level configurations commonly used to realize electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Three wavelength regimes are considered: mismatched wavelengths for which the coupling frequency is greater than the probe frequency, matched wavelengths for which the coupling and probe frequencies are equal, and mismatched wavelengths for which the probe frequency is greater than the coupling frequency. The transparency that may be induced in these regimes is compared for the cascade-, \ensuremath{\Lambda}-, and Vee-type systems. We show that in the first mismatched regime $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}<{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p})$ EIT is possible in all schemes and is in fact stronger than in the matched case. It is also demonstrated that for the second mismatched regime $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}>{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p})$ EIT can be realized most readily in the Vee-type configuration in the presence of Doppler broadening. These predictions are explained by considering the absorption as a function of both the probe field detuning and the atomic velocity.

Physical Review AJun 1, 199964 citations

Sub-Doppler linewidth with electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms

Yifu Zhu, T. N. Wasserlauf

We report the experimental observation of steady-state electromagnetically induced transparency and sub-Doppler linewidth in a Doppler-broadened \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type Rb atomic system formed on the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ ${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ transitions. The \ensuremath{\Lambda} system is coupled on one transition by a strong laser and probed on the other transition by a weak laser. The observed sub-Doppler linewidth decreases with the increasing detuning of the strong-coupling laser from the atomic transition frequency and is in good agreement with the theoretical calculations of G. Vemuri, G. S. Agarwal, and B. D. N. Rao [Phys. Rev. A 53, 2842 (1996)]. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.We report the experimental observation of steady-state electromagnetically induced transparency and sub-Doppler linewidth in a Doppler-broadened \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type Rb atomic system formed on the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ ${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ transitions. The \ensuremath{\Lambda} system is coupled on one transition by a strong laser and probed on the other transition by a weak laser. The observed sub-Doppler linewidth decreases with the increasing detuning of the strong-coupling laser from the atomic transition frequency and is in good agreement with the theoretical calculations of G. Vemuri, G. S. Agarwal, and B. D. N. Rao [Phys. Rev. A 53, 2842 (1996)]. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Physical Review AOct 1, 199643 citations

Observation of transient electromagnetically induced transparency in a rubidium Λ system

H.X. Chen, Alan V. Durrant, J. P. Marangos +1 more

Observation of transient effects in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The transmission of a weak probe beam in resonance with the ${5S}_{1/2}(F=3)$ to ${5P}_{3/2}(F=3)$ hyperfine transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling field in resonance with the ${5S}_{1/2}(F=2)$ to ${5P}_{3/2}(F=3)$ hyperfine transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with computations using a three-state model of the \ensuremath{\Lambda} system. The computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed with coupling field power only four times larger than that presently available to us.Observation of transient effects in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The transmission of a weak probe beam in resonance with the ${5S}_{1/2}(F=3)$ to ${5P}_{3/2}(F=3)$ hyperfine transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling field in resonance with the ${5S}_{1/2}(F=2)$ to ${5P}_{3/2}(F=3)$ hyperfine transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with computations using a three-state model of the \ensuremath{\Lambda} system. The computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed with coupling field power only four times larger than that presently available to us.

Physical Review AAug 1, 199857 citations

Experimental observation of a coherently induced transparency on a blue probe in a Doppler-broadened mismatched V-type system

J. R. Boon, Evangelini Zekou, David J. Fulton +1 more

An experimental observation of transparency on a transition in the blue spectral region, induced by a continuous-wave (cw) infrared coupling field in a Doppler-broadened medium, is presented. This experimental result is supported by extensive theoretical modeling of the system, a V-type scheme in atomic rubidium vapor. Transparency is observed by a 422-nm probe field on the transition between the hyperfine split ground state ${5S}_{1/2}$ and the excited state ${6P}_{1/2}.$ The coupling laser is employed on the linked transition ${5S}_{1/2}{\ensuremath{-}5P}_{3/2},$ inducing significant levels of transparency $(>70%)$ nondissipatively and in the absence of optical pumping effects.An experimental observation of transparency on a transition in the blue spectral region, induced by a continuous-wave (cw) infrared coupling field in a Doppler-broadened medium, is presented. This experimental result is supported by extensive theoretical modeling of the system, a V-type scheme in atomic rubidium vapor. Transparency is observed by a 422-nm probe field on the transition between the hyperfine split ground state ${5S}_{1/2}$ and the excited state ${6P}_{1/2}.$ The coupling laser is employed on the linked transition ${5S}_{1/2}{\ensuremath{-}5P}_{3/2},$ inducing significant levels of transparency $(>70%)$ nondissipatively and in the absence of optical pumping effects.

Physical Review AFeb 1, 199861 citations

{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

Comparison of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Spectra for Six-level Lambda

\Lambda

and Five-level V-type Systems

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is experimentally studied in a rubidium vapour cell (without buffer gas, both

^{87}

Rb and

^{85}

Rb present according to their natural abundance) kept within two-layers of

\mu(\mu)

-metal shields to avoid the effect of Earth's magnetic field on the energy levels of atomic rubidium. An external cavity diode laser (ECDL), used as a low power probe laser, is locked to the hyperfine cross-over peak of

F = 2 \rightarrow F' = 2, 3

transitions of

^{87}

Rb. The frequency of another ECDL, the pump laser, is set to scan the

F=1 \rightarrow F' = 0, 1, 2

transitions of

^{87}

Rb. These form the

\Lambda

-type six level system. In the V-type system, both the pump and the probe lasers share the same

F = 2

ground level. The probe beam coming out of the cell is detected by a low noise fast photodetector. The resulting spectra show signature of EIT in the "peak" for the

\Lambda

-type system and in the "dip" for the V-type system. Numerical calculation based simulated spectra are also compared with the experimental spectra. In both the cases very narrow EIT linewidth

(\Gamma_{t} < \Gamma)

is observed even at high value of pump Rabi-frequency

(\Omega_{c}\gg \Gamma)

. Narrower value of EIT linewidth is due to Doppler averaging phenomena.

^{87}\mathrm{Rb}

{\mathit{D}}_{2}

transitions. The \ensuremath{\Lambda} system is coupled on one transition by a strong laser and probed on the other transition by a weak laser. The observed sub-Doppler linewidth decreases with the increasing detuning of the strong-coupling laser from the atomic transition frequency and is in good agreement with the theoretical calculations of G. Vemuri, G. S. Agarwal, and B. D. N. Rao [Phys. Rev. A 53, 2842 (1996)]. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Observation of transient effects in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in

{\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}

cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The transmission of a weak probe beam in resonance with the

{5S}_{1/2}(F=3)

{5P}_{3/2}(F=3)

hyperfine transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling field in resonance with the

{5S}_{1/2}(F=2)

{5P}_{3/2}(F=3)

hyperfine transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with computations using a three-state model of the \ensuremath{\Lambda} system. The computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed with coupling field power only four times larger than that presently available to us.

{5S}_{1/2}

and the excited state

{6P}_{1/2}.

The coupling laser is employed on the linked transition ${5S}_{1/2}{\ensuremath{-}5P}_{3/2},$ inducing significant levels of transparency

(>70%)

nondissipatively and in the absence of optical pumping effects.