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Molecular crystals and liquid crystals science technology. Section A, Molecular crystals and liquid crystals/Molecular crystals and liquid crystals science and technology. Section A, Molecular crystals and liquid crystals

Persistent Spectral Hole Burning Applications in Distributed Data Storage and Processing

Karl K. Rebane

Published Oct 1, 1993• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Brief review of zero-phonon lines, persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) and its applications is given. The provided by PSHB additional dimension - the spectral one in optical data storage allows in principle to get densities up to 1012 bit cm−2 or 1016 bit cm−3. In both cases an 1016 cm−3 cell comprising on average only 100 impurity molecules is involved to store a bit. It is a two small amount because of fluctuations in the distribution of impurities over the cells. Parallel processing and distributed data storage, realized in PSHB holography and optical modelling of neural networks, are prospective to utilize the full capacity of PSHB storage and processing.

DOI
10.1080/10587259308055203

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Persistent spectral hole burning and optical data processing

Karl K. Rebane

Persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) and its applications in data storage and processing are described. Purely electronic zero-phonon lines having very high peak values in the low temperature impurity spectra of solids are considered. Limitations for very large capacity PSHB memories put by the number of impurity molecules to store one bit are discussed. Doped with impurities optical fiber memory is proposed as a means to have low impurity concentration simultaneously with a large number of the impurities to store one bit. Bit-by-bit (digital) storage is compared to the distributed one and the advantages of the two versions of the latter -- PSHB holography and PSHB modeling of neural networks -- are considered. An experiment of simultaneous read-out over coordinates and frequency in neural network modeling is described. Requirements to PSHB materials and possibilities of the existence of materials effective at high temperatures are discussed.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Apr 27, 1993•0 citations

Optical Modelling of Neural Networks as a Realization of Spectral Hole Burning Distributed Data Storage

Karl K. Rebane

Optimistic estimates put the limits for PSHB storage up to 1012 bits per cm2 (i.e. 104 spectral holes per each diffraction limited surface pixel of the size of λ·λ=10-8 cm2, λ- wavelength) or 1016 bits per cm3 for a volume storage memory (cell size λ·λ·λ=1012 cm3). Energy transfer between impurities destroys the storage. Interaction is absent at low concentrations, however, the latter may result in critical decrease of the number of impurity moleculess available to burn a hole at a fixed wavelength at a fixed spatial spot. If we assume concentration of non-interacting impurities 1018 molecules per cm3, and the storage density of 1012 bits per cm2 or 1016 bits per cm3, there is only 100 molecules on average to store one bit of information. It is a too small amount because of the fluctuations of the number of molecules per cell [1,2] and references therein.

Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications•Jan 1, 1992•0 citations

Persistent Spectral Hole Burning: Time- and Space-Domain Holography

Karl K. Rebane, Alexander Rebane

Persistent spectral hole burning (PHSB) provides a unique possibility of controlling, by means of illumination with high spectral resolution, optical properties, the coefficient of absorption and the index of refraction in the impurity absorption band of doped solid materials. New versions of holography are the most successful application of PSHB data storage and processing. It utilizes both distributed storage and parallel processing and demonstrates the advantages and potentials of PSHB in this field. An interesting property of time and space-domain holograms occurs in connection with external electric fields: the pseudo-Stark splitting of narrow spectral holes due to the linear Stark effect in an external electric field manifests itself as an additional modulation of holographically stored signals in the time domain. The idea of PSHB time- and space-domain holography is simple. When a PSHB sample is illuminated by a pulse of light, the intensity (more precisely, the doses of illumination), in dependence of the frequency, is stored in the hole profile.

CRC Press eBooks•Jul 29, 2020•1 citation

Study on dynamics of persistent spectral hole formation in frequency domain optical storage

You-yuan Zhao

A variety of studies on persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) have been carried out for the last twenty years [1.2.3], since the discovery of this phenomena in 1974. The elucidation of electron-phonon interaction, the nature of zero-phonon line and spectral diffusion in PSHB have been studied intensively together with the research aiming at its possible applicability to ultra-high density optical information storage in frequency domain.

17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology•Sep 1, 1996•0 citations

Electric Field Effects on Persistent Spectral Holes: Applications in Photonics

Udo Bogner

Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) is a new method in the laser spectroscopy of solids. This method is based on the existence of zero-phonon lines in the spectra of light-absorbing species, such as impurities (molecules, ions, etc.) or color centers in crystalline or amorphous materials. This chapter describes the electric field effects on persistent spectral holes and in particular special applications in electrooptics and photonics. It demonstrates that PSHB is useful not only for digital processes, such as data storage in the electric field domain, but also for analog processes concerning, in particular, the modulation and pulse forming of laser beams and hybrid optical bistability. The chapter also discusses the future prospects of the possible applications of PSHB and electric field effects. For future possible applications involving PSHB techniques in everyday appliances, it is important to provide room-temperature operation.

CRC Press eBooks•Jul 29, 2020•1 citation

Requirements to impurity activated solids as materials for optical data storage and processing

K. -S. K. Rebane

Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) has remarkable applications in optical data storage and processing, including space-frequency and space-time domain holographies. Experiments have proven practically everything predicted and proposed by theory. The bottleneck between laboratory experiments and commercial applications is the need in low (liquid He) temperatures, as the main parameter of the data storage efficiency-the ratio between the inhomogeneous and homogeneous zero-phonon line (ZPL) widths α(T) = Γinh/Γhom(T)-- decreases owing to the rapid increase of Γhom(T) with temperature. A few optical and Mossbauer ZPLs are narrow even at RT, but they have usually also narrow Γinh. It is proposed to enlarge Γinh by making use of the Doppler effect. Two possible manifestations of the Doppler effect in the Universe are also discussed.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Aug 3, 2005•0 citations
Brief review of zero-phonon lines, persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) and its applications is given. The provided by PSHB additional dimension - the spectral one in optical data storage allows in principle to get densities up to 1012 bit cm−2 or 1016 bit cm−3. In both cases an 1016 cm−3 cell comprising on average only 100 impurity molecules is involved to store a bit. It is a two small amount because of fluctuations in the distribution of impurities over the cells. Parallel processing and distributed data storage, realized in PSHB holography and optical modelling of neural networks, are prospective to utilize the full capacity of PSHB storage and processing.
Persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) and its applications in data storage and processing are described. Purely electronic zero-phonon lines having very high peak values in the low temperature impurity spectra of solids are considered. Limitations for very large capacity PSHB memories put by the number of impurity molecules to store one bit are discussed. Doped with impurities optical fiber memory is proposed as a means to have low impurity concentration simultaneously with a large number of the impurities to store one bit. Bit-by-bit (digital) storage is compared to the distributed one and the advantages of the two versions of the latter -- PSHB holography and PSHB modeling of neural networks -- are considered. An experiment of simultaneous read-out over coordinates and frequency in neural network modeling is described. Requirements to PSHB materials and possibilities of the existence of materials effective at high temperatures are discussed.
Optimistic estimates put the limits for PSHB storage up to 1012 bits per cm2 (i.e. 104 spectral holes per each diffraction limited surface pixel of the size of λ·λ=10-8 cm2, λ- wavelength) or 1016 bits per cm3 for a volume storage memory (cell size λ·λ·λ=1012 cm3). Energy transfer between impurities destroys the storage. Interaction is absent at low concentrations, however, the latter may result in critical decrease of the number of impurity moleculess available to burn a hole at a fixed wavelength at a fixed spatial spot. If we assume concentration of non-interacting impurities 1018 molecules per cm3, and the storage density of 1012 bits per cm2 or 1016 bits per cm3, there is only 100 molecules on average to store one bit of information. It is a too small amount because of the fluctuations of the number of molecules per cell [1,2] and references therein.
Persistent spectral hole burning (PHSB) provides a unique possibility of controlling, by means of illumination with high spectral resolution, optical properties, the coefficient of absorption and the index of refraction in the impurity absorption band of doped solid materials. New versions of holography are the most successful application of PSHB data storage and processing. It utilizes both distributed storage and parallel processing and demonstrates the advantages and potentials of PSHB in this field. An interesting property of time and space-domain holograms occurs in connection with external electric fields: the pseudo-Stark splitting of narrow spectral holes due to the linear Stark effect in an external electric field manifests itself as an additional modulation of holographically stored signals in the time domain. The idea of PSHB time- and space-domain holography is simple. When a PSHB sample is illuminated by a pulse of light, the intensity (more precisely, the doses of illumination), in dependence of the frequency, is stored in the hole profile.
Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) is a new method in the laser spectroscopy of solids. This method is based on the existence of zero-phonon lines in the spectra of light-absorbing species, such as impurities (molecules, ions, etc.) or color centers in crystalline or amorphous materials. This chapter describes the electric field effects on persistent spectral holes and in particular special applications in electrooptics and photonics. It demonstrates that PSHB is useful not only for digital processes, such as data storage in the electric field domain, but also for analog processes concerning, in particular, the modulation and pulse forming of laser beams and hybrid optical bistability. The chapter also discusses the future prospects of the possible applications of PSHB and electric field effects. For future possible applications involving PSHB techniques in everyday appliances, it is important to provide room-temperature operation.
Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) has remarkable applications in optical data storage and processing, including space-frequency and space-time domain holographies. Experiments have proven practically everything predicted and proposed by theory. The bottleneck between laboratory experiments and commercial applications is the need in low (liquid He) temperatures, as the main parameter of the data storage efficiency-the ratio between the inhomogeneous and homogeneous zero-phonon line (ZPL) widths α(T) = Γinh/Γhom(T)-- decreases owing to the rapid increase of Γhom(T) with temperature. A few optical and Mossbauer ZPLs are narrow even at RT, but they have usually also narrow Γinh. It is proposed to enlarge Γinh by making use of the Doppler effect. Two possible manifestations of the Doppler effect in the Universe are also discussed.