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Optics and Spectroscopy

Detuning effects in STIRAP processes in the presence of quantum noise

M. Scala, Benedetto Militello, ANTONINO MESSINA, Nikolay V. Vitanov

Published Oct 1, 2011• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in three-state systems in the presence of quantum noise is considered. A comparison is made between different models, one based on a phenomenological introduction of decays, one traceable back to a microscopic description of the system-environment interaction. Effects related, to off-resonance in the coupling between the involved states are considered.

DOI
10.1134/s0030400x11110257

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The Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in three-state systems in the presence of quantum noise is considered. A comparison is made between different models, one based on a phenomenological introduction of decays, one traceable back to a microscopic description of the system-environment interaction. Effects related, to off-resonance in the coupling between the involved states are considered.
The technique of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a highly efficient tool for coherent population transfer in a chainwise-connected three-state quantum system. It is widely accepted that the two-photon resonance between the two end states of the chain is a crucial condition for STIRAP. This assumption is indeed correct when the two driving fields, pump and Stokes, produce nearly equal couplings for their respective transitions. We show analytically, supported by numeric examples, that when the pump and Stokes couplings differ significantly, the two-photon population transfer profile is distorted and its center is shifted away from the two-photon resonance; hence, the optimal operation of STIRAP demands a two-photon detuning. We derive simple analytic estimates for the center and the width of the two-photon profile. The results are of potential importance in situations when the pump and Stokes fields are of different physical natures (e.g., laser and cavity fields) or when two-photon resonance is unwanted (e.g., in the presence of residual light).
In this paper we consider a generalization of the three-level stimulated Raman adiabatic-passage process (STIRAP). In our scheme, there are $N\ensuremath{-}1$ ground levels and one excited level. The ground levels are coupled with laser pulses through the excited level at multiphoton resonance. The ultimate aim of this scheme is to create coherent-superposition states on the ground levels. In a previous paper [J. Mod. Opt. (to be published), special issue on quantum interference] we have considered this problem from the optimal-control point of view. Here we apply a different approach: We reconsider the adiabatic approximation, which is commonly utilized to describing the STIRAP process. It is shown that in our case, in the adiabatic limit, the dark and bright subspaces of the Hamiltonian are decoupled; however, the nonadiabatic corrections influence significantly the dynamics in the dark subspace. An analytic solution is presented for the case of a five-level system. Moreover, we consider some special examples for the pulse sequences that effect prescribed final superposition states. The robustness of the scheme is studied, and the extension of our scheme is also considered.
A theoretical analysis is presented of the effect of correlation between fluctuations of laser pulse amplitudes on population transfer between the states of a three-level atom coupled by the laser field. The carrier frequencies of the pulses are tuned to resonance with the transitions between the ground and excited states, |〈 and | 2〈, and the excited and metastable states, |2〈 and |3〈, in a lambda-type configuration. The laser pulses are timed so that population transfer between states |1〈 and | 3〈 is made possible by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in the absence of fluctuations. STIRAP does not occur when the laser fields are not correlated. When the fluctuations of one pulse amplitude duplicate those of the other, STIRAP can be observed for pulse amplitudes larger than those required in the absence of fluctuations.
We study the process of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) under the influence of a nontrivial solid-state environment, particularly the effect of two-level fluctuators (TLFs) as they are frequently present in solid-state devices. When the amplitudes of the driving pulses used in STIRAP are in resonance with the level spacing of the fluctuators, the quality of the protocol, i.e., the transferred population, decreases sharply. In general, the effect can not be reduced by speeding up the STIRAP process. We also discuss the effect of a structured noise environment on the process of coherent tunneling by adiabatic passage (CTAP). The effect of a weakly structured environment or TLFs with short coherence times on STIRAP and CTAP can be described by the Bloch-Redfield theory. For a strongly structured environment, a higher-dimensional approach must be used, where the TLFs are treated as part of the system.
We exploit a microscopically derived master equation for the study of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in the presence of spontaneous decay from the intermediate state toward the initial and final states and compare our results with the predictions obtained from a phenomenological model used previously [P. A. Ivanov, N. V. Vitanov, and K. Bergmann, Phys. Rev. A 72, 053412 (2005)]. It is shown that our approach predicts a much higher efficiency for counterintuitively ordered pulses, while no significant difference between the two approaches is found for intuitively ordered pulses. These features are readily explained in the dressed-state picture.
Using our recently developed quantum dissipation theory, we study the influence of dissipation on the population transfer efficiency between the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and the pump-dump passage in a simple three-level Λ system. By comparison, STIRAP is found to be relatively insensitive to the relaxation and fluctuation of the intermediate state. Numerical results also demonstrate the applicability of the new quantum dissipation theory for studying the correlated driving-dissipation dynamics problems.