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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Optical pumping effects in ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency of 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D3/2transition of87Rb atoms

Han Seb Moon, Heung‐Ryoul Noh

Published Feb 18, 2011• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have investigated the optical pumping effects of single-resonance optical pumping (SROP) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D3/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. In the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3)–5D3/2(F'' = 2, 3) transition with the single-resonance cycling 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3) transition, we observed the transmittance spectrum due to DROP and EIT. Based on our experimental results investigated according to the laser power (the probe and the coupling) and the coupling laser detuning, we revealed that DROP was significant for the transmittance spectrum. Particularly, in the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 1, 2)–5D3/2(F'' = 1) transition without a cycling transition, we observed the two-photon absorption due to two-photon atomic coherence, when the probe laser power was weak and the coupling laser power was strong.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/44/5/055004

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We have investigated the optical pumping effects of single-resonance optical pumping (SROP) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D3/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. In the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3)–5D3/2(F'' = 2, 3) transition with the single-resonance cycling 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3) transition, we observed the transmittance spectrum due to DROP and EIT. Based on our experimental results investigated according to the laser power (the probe and the coupling) and the coupling laser detuning, we revealed that DROP was significant for the transmittance spectrum. Particularly, in the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 1, 2)–5D3/2(F'' = 1) transition without a cycling transition, we observed the two-photon absorption due to two-photon atomic coherence, when the probe laser power was weak and the coupling laser power was strong.
We present the double resonance optical pumping (DROP) effect of ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. When many atoms of the ladder-type atomic system are simultaneously resonant with the two laser fields, the population of one ground state can be optically pumped into another ground state through intermediate states and excited states. In this paper, we reveal that most previous results for the ladder-type EIT include the DROP effect. When the probe laser is very weak and the coupling laser is strong, we can observe the double structure transmittance spectrum, a narrow spectrum due to the EIT and a broad spectrum due to the DROP, in the 5S1/2(F=2)-5P3/2(F'=3)-5D5/2(F"=4) cycling transition.
The polarization dependence of double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}$ transition of 87{}^{87}87Rb atoms is studied. The transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=2,3,4)$ transition were observed as caused by EIT, DROP, and saturation effects in the various polarization combinations between the probe and coupling lasers. The features of the double-structure transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=4)$ cycling transition were attributed to the difference in saturation effect according to the transition routes between the Zeeman sublevels and the EIT according to the two-photon transition probability.
We have experimentally and theoretically studied the causes of the transparency spectra of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 and 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transitions of 87Rb atoms. Although, the two-photon resonance of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was not Doppler-free in an Rb vapor, we observed the transparency phenomenon in this transition. The main cause of the transparency of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) due to two-step excitation, and that of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition was DROP and electromagnetically induced transparency due to two-photon coherence. We confirmed the experimental results with theoretical results calculated using the density matrix equations considering all the degenerate magnetic sublevels of both transitions of the 87Rb atoms.
We have studied double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) as a function of the polarization combination of lasers, laser power, and the alignment of lasers in the 5S1/2-5P3/2-D3/2,5/2 ladder-type system of Rb87 atoms. By considering the two-photon transition probability and optical pumping effects, the changes in the relative magnitude of the DROP hyperfine structures as a function of the polarization combination of the lasers were analyzed theoretically. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Owing to the low optical pumping effect in the cycling transition, we could see the dependence of the spectrum on the laser power in the 5P3/2-4D5/2 transition distinctly. Also, the spectral linewidths as a function of the alignment between the lasers were measured 12.2 MHz for copropagating beams and 6.9 MHz for counterpropagating beams.
In a Doppler-broadened ladder-type cesium atomic system (6S 1/2 -6P 3/2 -8S 1/2 ), this paper characterizes electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in two different experimental arrangements, and investigates the influence of the double-resonance optical-pumping (DROP) effect on EIT in both arrangements. When the probe laser is weak, DROP is explicitly suppressed. When the probe laser is moderate, population of the intermediate level (6P 3/2 F ' = 5) is remarkable, therefore DROP is mixed with EIT. An interesting bimodal spectrum with the broad component due to DROP and the narrow part due to EIT has been clearly observed in cesium 6S 1/2 F = 4−6P 3/2 F ' = 5−8S 1/2 F '' = 4 transitions.
We present electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and double resonance optical pumping (DROP) spectra for the 5 S 1/2 →5 P 3/2 →5 D 5/2 transitions of 87 Rb atoms. Two-photon excitation to the 5 D 5/2 state is confirmed by detecting 420 nm fluorescence from the decay channel 6 P 3/2 →5 S 1/2 . We observe a dual structure in the transmission profile for the closed transition ( F =2→ F ′ =3→ F ′ ′ =4), which we attribute to competing DROP and EIT processes. A quantitative parameter K is introduced to characterize the DROP influence on EIT spectra. By adding a re-pumper field locked to the |5 S 1/2 , F =1⟩→|5 P 3/2 , F ′ =2⟩ transition, we demonstrate clear EIT signal with suppressed DROP effects. Two-photon absorption is also observed in both probe transmission and blue fluorescence spectra. The steady state solution of the density matrix equations derived from our five-level analytical model is in good agreement with the experimental observations. Moreover, lock-in detection technique is used in the weak probe regime to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing EIT and DROP in multi-level atomic systems and offer practical strategies for achieving DROP-free EIT signals, which are essential for cascade EIT-based applications like Rydberg spectroscopy, quantum information, and quantum memory.