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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Investigation of the EIT and double resonance optical pumping effects in ladder-type transitions of 87 Rb atoms

Ekramul Hoque, Tanish Kaur, Priyabrata Seth, Dipankar Bhattacharyya, Sankar De

Published Apr 7, 2026• 2 citations

Abstract

We present electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and double resonance optical pumping (DROP) spectra for the 5 S 1/2 →5 P 3/2 →5 D 5/2 transitions of 87 Rb atoms. Two-photon excitation to the 5 D 5/2 state is confirmed by detecting 420 nm fluorescence from the decay channel 6 P 3/2 →5 S 1/2 . We observe a dual structure in the transmission profile for the closed transition ( F =2→ F ′ =3→ F ′ ′ =4), which we attribute to competing DROP and EIT processes. A quantitative parameter K is introduced to characterize the DROP influence on EIT spectra. By adding a re-pumper field locked to the |5 S 1/2 , F =1⟩→|5 P 3/2 , F ′ =2⟩ transition, we demonstrate clear EIT signal with suppressed DROP effects. Two-photon absorption is also observed in both probe transmission and blue fluorescence spectra. The steady state solution of the density matrix equations derived from our five-level analytical model is in good agreement with the experimental observations. Moreover, lock-in detection technique is used in the weak probe regime to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing EIT and DROP in multi-level atomic systems and offer practical strategies for achieving DROP-free EIT signals, which are essential for cascade EIT-based applications like Rydberg spectroscopy, quantum information, and quantum memory.

DOI: 10.1364/josab.590677

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The polarization dependence of double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}$ transition of

{}^{87}

Rb atoms is studied. The transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=2,3,4)$ transition were observed as caused by EIT, DROP, and saturation effects in the various polarization combinations between the probe and coupling lasers. The features of the double-structure transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=4)$ cycling transition were attributed to the difference in saturation effect according to the transition routes between the Zeeman sublevels and the EIT according to the two-photon transition probability.

We have investigated the optical pumping effects of single-resonance optical pumping (SROP) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D3/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. In the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3)–5D3/2(F'' = 2, 3) transition with the single-resonance cycling 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3) transition, we observed the transmittance spectrum due to DROP and EIT. Based on our experimental results investigated according to the laser power (the probe and the coupling) and the coupling laser detuning, we revealed that DROP was significant for the transmittance spectrum. Particularly, in the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 1, 2)–5D3/2(F'' = 1) transition without a cycling transition, we observed the two-photon absorption due to two-photon atomic coherence, when the probe laser power was weak and the coupling laser power was strong.

Rb atoms. By comparing the FWM spectra with the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra of the hyperfine states, we confirm that the FWM process is significantly influenced by both ladder-type and V-type two-photon coherences. From the observed FWM signal of each hyperfine structure, we clarify the role of two-photon coherence in the FWM process under EIT, double-resonance optical pumping (DROP), and two-photon absorption (TPA) conditions in a ladder-type atomic system, which is dependent on the open degree of the hyperfine states, the laser intensity, and the laser frequency detuning.

We have experimentally and theoretically studied the causes of the transparency spectra of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 and 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transitions of 87Rb atoms. Although, the two-photon resonance of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was not Doppler-free in an Rb vapor, we observed the transparency phenomenon in this transition. The main cause of the transparency of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) due to two-step excitation, and that of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition was DROP and electromagnetically induced transparency due to two-photon coherence. We confirmed the experimental results with theoretical results calculated using the density matrix equations considering all the degenerate magnetic sublevels of both transitions of the 87Rb atoms.