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Physical Review A

Quantum interference of V-type three-level atom in structures made of left-handed materials and mirrors

Jingping Xu, Yaping Yang

Published Jan 25, 2010• 26 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We address quantum interference of the Zeeman atom embedded in two kinds of structures containing left-handed materials (LHM), which are a single LHM layer mounted on a single mirror (SLSM) and Fabry-P\'erot cavity filled with a LHM layer by half (FPCLH). Especially, the influence of the dissipation of LHM on quantum interference has been studied in detail. Though dissipation weakens quantum interference in general, it holds nearly complete quantum interference when the thickness of the cavity is small for FPCLH. Moreover, with equivalence of left- and right- rotation polarized dipoles to two spatial orthogonal dipoles, we found the optimum orientation of two orthogonal dipoles which can realize the maximum quantum interference in a certain anisotropic environment. Our research may have potential applications in the designing of microsize devices.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.013816

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We address quantum interference of the Zeeman atom embedded in two kinds of structures containing left-handed materials (LHM), which are a single LHM layer mounted on a single mirror (SLSM) and Fabry-P'erot cavity filled with a LHM layer by half (FPCLH). Especially, the influence of the dissipation of LHM on quantum interference has been studied in detail. Though dissipation weakens quantum interference in general, it holds nearly complete quantum interference when the thickness of the cavity is small for FPCLH. Moreover, with equivalence of left- and right- rotation polarized dipoles to two spatial orthogonal dipoles, we found the optimum orientation of two orthogonal dipoles which can realize the maximum quantum interference in a certain anisotropic environment. Our research may have potential applications in the designing of microsize devices.
Quantum interference between Zeeman levels of atom placed in the structure containing left-handed materials (LHMs) and zero-index metamaterials (ZIMs) is investigated. Because of the existence of the LHM and ZIM, dipole radiation becomes highly anisotropic which is embodied by the high contrast between decay rates of the dipole component parallel to the surface and that normal to the surface. Furthermore, both decay rates are suppressed compared with those in free vacuum. Therefore, we propose the quantum interference between Zeeman levels accompanied by long lifetime. Two structures are designed to achieve such purpose. For the idealized LHM and ZIM without dissipation, a double-layer structure comprised of them is the right candidate. However, when we consider the dissipation of materials, a Fabry-P\'erot cavity made of matched ZIM slabs and LHM slabs is required. Results show that we get a high degree of quantum interference and low decay rates simultaneously.
The spontaneous emission of a V-type Zeeman atom in a Fabry–Perot cavity containing left-handed materials (LHMs) is investigated. Because of the strong indirect quantum interference induced by the refocusing and phase compensation of LHMs, the population evolution and the emission spectrum are much different from that in isotropic environments at different initial conditions. For the degenerate cases, by preparing different initial states, the population decays much faster or slower than that in free vacuum, while the spontaneous emission spectra are narrowed or broadened, respectively. For large detuning cases, the population exchange between two upper levels could be weakened, and the Fano minimum appears in the emission spectrum. In addition, the influence of the dipole orientation on the spectrum is discussed.
We find that the V-type three-level Zeeman atom has the complete quantum interference when it is embedded in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PCs) possessing the TM-polarized complete gap. To avoid the nonradiative decay related to dissipation and the decay through surface exciton, we add two phase compensators made of ideal left-handed materials on two sides of atom, and then the total structure is equivalent to a 1D PC supporting only the radiative modes. The parameter regions (epsilon, mu) leading to the TM-polarized complete gap have been sketched out, and the influence of absorption on the quantum interference is discussed.
The Casimir-Polder (CP) force acting on a V\mathsf{V}V-type three-level atom which is initially prepared in two different kinds of superposition states, i.e., subradiant and superradiant states, is investigated. The influence of quantum interference on force evolution due to two-dipole transitions is analyzed in detail. It is found that the orientation of the atomic dipole moment has significant influence on the Casimir-Polder force and consequently its evolution. For the ideal degenerate V\mathsf{V}V-type atom with two parallel dipoles, quantum interference leads to population trapping as well as the cancellation of the CP force when the atom is prepared initially in a subradiant state. However, the result changes when we consider the practical Zeeman V\mathsf{V}V-type atom whose two dipole moments are perpendicular to each other. Since quantum interference in such an atom must occur in an anisotropic environment, it is possible to trap atomic population and enhance the CP force simultaneously by preparing the atom initially in sub-radiant states. In principle, our results can be found in an arbitrary anisotropic environment, and here we describe a structure containing left-handed materials to highlight our findings.
The spontaneous decay process of a two-level atom embedded in a one-dimensional structure containing left-handed material (LHM) is investigated. We first consider the case of the atom being in front of a LHM layer mounted on a mirror, where it has been claimed that the atomic decay would be inhibited completely. Here we introduce dispersion and dissipation in the LHM, and find that there are two factors that weaken the inhibition of spontaneous decay. One is atomic nonradiative decay at shorter distances and the other is the instantaneous radiative decay process for larger distances. Then we discuss the decay process of an atom embedded in a one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of alternate LHM and ordinary material [right-handed material (RHM)] layers (LHM-RHM PC). Because of two special characteristics of the LHM, phase compensation and the fact that a frequency with negative index is usual near the material resonance frequency, both the radiative and nonradiative decay processes in the LHM-RHM PC are much different from those in a RHM PC. Under appropriate condition, the population evolution of atoms in a LHM-RHM PC displays oscillatory behavior.
The quantum interference between two spontaneous emission transitions, which are orthogonal, in a three-level system, can be greatly enhanced by using left-handed materials due to the focusing and phase compensation effects. The influence of the dispersion and dissipation of the materials on the quantum interference enhancement is investigated, and the enhancement of quantum interference is still significant. The quantum interference enhancement will result in a large quenching of the spontaneous emission, even if the distance between the materials and systems is larger than 10 wavelengths.