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International Journal of Modern Physics B

LOW NOISE PHOTON NUMBER MANIPULATION USING SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT EMITTERS AND RECEIVERS

E. Goobar, Anders Karlsson, Gunnar G. Bjork, OLLE NILSSON, P.-J. Rigole

Published Nov 30, 1995• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The photon number (intensity) of a light beam can be read out and amplified essentially without adding any noise. In this article we will describe recent proof-of-principle experiments using simple optoelectronic circuits. We also discuss the significance of these results with respects to applications in communication and quantum optics. The relation to quantum non-demolition measurement (QND) strategies is also discussed.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979295001324

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The photon number (intensity) of a light beam can be read out and amplified essentially without adding any noise. In this article we will describe recent proof-of-principle experiments using simple optoelectronic circuits. We also discuss the significance of these results with respects to applications in communication and quantum optics. The relation to quantum non-demolition measurement (QND) strategies is also discussed.
The properties of a photon number amplifier and quantum-optical tap have been experimentally investigated. The device consists of a high-quantum-efficiency photodetector that drives eight series-coupled light emitters. The light from the series-coupled emitters is detected by parallel coupled photodetectors, which drive a new light emitter. It is shown that the light reaching the first photodetector can be measured, amplified by the series-coupled emitters, and regenerated by means of the last emitter without the introduction of significant noise. Hence the input light can be quantum correlated with the amplified photocurrent as well as with the output light.
Quantum phenomena in low-dimensional electron systems have been attracting much attention of semiconductor physicists and engineers for the last few decades. However, most discussions concern either electron transport or responses to classical electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, non-classical effects of light are a subject of growing interest in quantum optics. In this case, however, electronic systems are usually limited to either atoms or effective media (which are phenomenologically described to induce photon-photon couplings). The purpose of this talk is to give a brief introduction to “fully-quantum optoelectronics,” in which electrons confined in low-dimensional semiconductors are assumed to interact with quantized electromagnetic fields.
Two configurations involving high quantum efficiency photodetectors and light emitting diodes have been investigated. A light beam was detected with a photodetector and its photocurrent was used to measure the incoming beam. Simultaneously, the photocurrent was used, with and without amplification, to regenerate the absorbed beam. With these schemes photon number amplification, duplication, and information tapping without introducing any significant noise to the downstream propagating beam could be experimentally realized.
According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, measurement of a quantum observable introduces noise to this observable and thus limits the available precision of measurement. Quantum non-demolition measurements are designed to circumvent this limitation and have been demonstrated in detecting the photon flux of classical light beam. Quantum non-demolition measurement of a single photon is the ultimate goal because it is of great interest in fundamental physics and also a powerful tool for applications in quantum information processing. This chapter presents a brief introduction of the history and a review of the progress in quantum non-demolition measurement of light. In particular, a detailed description is presented for two works toward cavity-free schemes of quantum non-demolition measurement of single photons. Afterward, an outlook of the future in this direction is given.
Over the last several years there have been significant advances in quantum optoelectronics. We focus on a number of these advances based on such quantum effects as nonclassical states of light, quantum nondemolition detection, modification of spontaneous emission characteristics, and resonant tunneling. These quantum effects have communication device applications in addition to multiple quantum well lasers including the possibility of zero threshold lasers, efficient photon number detection, and quantum effect logic gates.
Abstract Quantum non-demolition measurements are designed to circumvent the limitations imposed by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle when performing repeated measurements of quantum states. Recent progress in quantum optics has enabled the experimental realization of quantum non-demolition measurements of the photon flux of a light beam. This achievement bears on fundamental issues about the ultimate sensitivity of measurements, and may open the way for applications such as noise-free information tapping in optical telecommunications.