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Quantum Optoelectronics

Quantum Non-Demolition Measurement of Photon Number using a Mesoscopic Electron Interferometer

Akira Shimizu

Published Jan 1, 1993• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum phenomena in low-dimensional electron systems have been attracting much attention of semiconductor physicists and engineers for the last few decades. However, most discussions concern either electron transport or responses to classical electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, non-classical effects of light are a subject of growing interest in quantum optics. In this case, however, electronic systems are usually limited to either atoms or effective media (which are phenomenologically described to induce photon-photon couplings). The purpose of this talk is to give a brief introduction to “fully-quantum optoelectronics,” in which electrons confined in low-dimensional semiconductors are assumed to interact with quantized electromagnetic fields.

DOI
10.1364/qo.1993.qwc.3

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Quantum phenomena in low-dimensional electron systems have been attracting much attention of semiconductor physicists and engineers for the last few decades. However, most discussions concern either electron transport or responses to classical electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, non-classical effects of light are a subject of growing interest in quantum optics. In this case, however, electronic systems are usually limited to either atoms or effective media (which are phenomenologically described to induce photon-photon couplings). The purpose of this talk is to give a brief introduction to “fully-quantum optoelectronics,” in which electrons confined in low-dimensional semiconductors are assumed to interact with quantized electromagnetic fields.
One of most important conclusions in cavity-quantum-electrodynamics is that spontaneous emission of an atom can be controlled by squeezing zero-point fluctuations of the photon fields surrounding the atom in both spatial and frequency domains1). As for quantum optoelectronic device application, in addition to quantum control of photon system, it is of great important to dynamically control electron system as well in order to alter spontaneous emissions. This can be easily realized in semiconductor systems by a combined use of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) for control of photon and electron systems, respectively. The main purpose of this talk is to demonstrate our experimental results on physical phenomena originating from quantum control of electron-and photon-systems2)3), and its implications for device-applications4) involving the possibility of a novel scheme for the generation of photon-number squeezed state5).
The discussions in the previous chapters show that already the spontaneous emission, i.e., the simplest manifestation of the quantum-optical fluctuations, exhibits highly nontrivial features as soon as the quantum light is coupled to interacting many-body systems. We have seen, for example, that pronounced resonances in the semiconductor luminescence originate from a nontrivial mixture of exciton and plasma contributions in contrast to the simple transitions between the eigenstates of isolated atomic systems. As a consequence of the conservation laws inherent to the light–matter coupling, the photon emission induces rearrangements in the entire many-body system leading, e.g., to pronounced hole burning in the exciton distribution. As discussed in Chapter 29, this depletion of the optically active excitons leads to a reduction of the total radiative recombination and the appearance of nonthermal luminescence even when the electron–hole system is in quasiequilibrium. Already these observations show that the coupled quantum-optical and many-body interactions induce new intriguing phenomena that are not explainable by the concepts of traditional quantum optics or classical semiconductor physics alone. The foundations of quantum optics are based on systematic investigations of simple systems interacting with few quantized light modes. In this context, one can evaluate and even measure the exact eigenstates or the density matrix with respect to both the photonic and the atomic degrees of freedom. In semiconductor systems, currently the investigations using one or a few quantum dots (QD) are closest to the atomic studies because, due to their discrete eigenstates, one can treat strongly confined quantum dots to some extent like artificial atoms.
Introduction Up to now the electromagnetic field has been treated as a classical field, describable by c -number functions. The great success of classical electromagnetic theory in accounting for a variety of optical phenomena, particularly those connected with wave propagation, interference and diffraction, amply justifies the classical approach. Moreover, as we have seen in the preceding chapters, in some cases the classical wave theory also gives a good account of itself in the treatment of the interaction of electromagnetic fields. For example, it is able to describe such seemingly non-classical effects as photoelectric bunching and the photo-electric counting statistics. It might almost seem that there is little justification for going beyond the domain of classical wave theory in optics. On the other hand, it can be argued that optics lies well and truly in the quantum domain, in the sense that we often encounter situations in which very few quanta or photons are present. In the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and at still longer wavelengths, the number of photons in each mode of the field is usually very large, and we are justified in treating the system classically. However, in the optical region the situation is usually just the opposite. As we show in Section 13.1, for light produced by practically all sources other than lasers, the average number of photons per mode is typically much less than unity.
The search for optical fields with quantum fluctuations less than that of a perfectly coherent signal has reopened questions of appropriate signatures of non-classicality. Squeezed light fields have phase dependent noise that for some phase angles can be substantially less than the normal vacuum fluctuations. Sub-Poissonian light has photon number fluctuations below those expected from naive "shot noise" considerations. In this talk, I will review the progress made in understanding non-classical light, and discuss measures of non-classicality.