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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Optically driven nanostructures as the basis for large-scale quantum computing

Alexander V. Tsukanov

Published Mar 3, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a large-scale quantum computer architecture based upon the regular arrays of dopant atoms implanted into the semiconductor host matrix. The singly-ionized pairs of donors represent charge qubits on which arbitrary quantum operations can be achieved by application of two strongly detuned laser pulses. The implementation of two-qubit operations as well as the qubit read-out utilize the intermediate circuit containing a probe electron that is able to shuttle along the array of ionized ancilla donors providing the indirect conditional coupling between the qubits. The quantum bus strategy enables us to handle the qubits connected in parallel and enhances the efficiency of the quantum information processing. We demonstrate that non-trivial multi-qubit operations in the quantum register (e.g., an entanglement generation) can be accomplished by the sequence of the optical pulses combined with an appropriate voltage gate pattern.

DOI
10.1117/12.801920

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We propose a large-scale quantum computer architecture based upon the regular arrays of dopant atoms implanted into the semiconductor host matrix. The singly-ionized pairs of donors represent charge qubits on which arbitrary quantum operations can be achieved by application of two strongly detuned laser pulses. The implementation of two-qubit operations as well as the qubit read-out utilize the intermediate circuit containing a probe electron that is able to shuttle along the array of ionized ancilla donors providing the indirect conditional coupling between the qubits. The quantum bus strategy enables us to handle the qubits connected in parallel and enhances the efficiency of the quantum information processing. We demonstrate that non-trivial multi-qubit operations in the quantum register (e.g., an entanglement generation) can be accomplished by the sequence of the optical pulses combined with an appropriate voltage gate pattern.
An all optical implementation of quantum information processing with semiconductor macroatoms is presented. Our quantum hardware consists of an array of semiconductor quantum dots and the computational degrees of freedom, i.e. the qubits, are energy-selected interband optical transitions. The proposed quantum-computing scheme exploits exciton–exciton interactions driven by ultrafast sequences of multi-colour laser pulses. Contrary to existing proposals based on charge excitations, the present all-optical implementation does not require the application of time-dependent electric fields, thus allowing for a sub-picosecond, i.e. decoherence-free, operation time-scale in realistic state-of-the-art semiconductor nanostructures. Moreover, the fully-optical character of the proposed gating scheme makes it an ideal candidate for the realization of all-optical computing networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid-state quantum computer architectures with qubits encoded using single atoms are now feasible given recent advances in the atomic doping of semiconductors. Here we present a charge qubit consisting of two dopant atoms in a semiconductor crystal, one of which is singly ionized. Surface electrodes control the qubit and a radio-frequency single-electron transistor provides fast readout. The calculated single gate times, of order 50 ps or less, are much shorter than the expected decoherence time. We propose universal one- and two-qubit gate operations for this system and discuss prospects for fabrication and scale up.
We report a nanofabrication, control and measurement scheme for charge-based silicon quantum computing which utilises a new technique of controlled single ion implantation. Each qubit consists of two phosphorus dopant atoms ~50 nm apart, one of which is singly ionized. The lowest two energy states of the remaining electron form the logical states. Surface electrodes control the qubit using voltage pulses and dual single electron transistors operating near the quantum limit provide fast readout with spurious signal rejection. A low energy (keV) ion beam is used to implant the phosphorus atoms in high-purity Si. Single atom control during the implantation is achieved by monitoring on-chip detector electrodes, integrated within the device structure, while positional accuracy is provided by a nanomachined resist mask. We describe a construction process for implanted single atom and atom cluster devices with all components registered to better than 20 nm, together with electrical characterisation of the readout circuitry. We also discuss universal one- and two-qubit gate operations for this architecture, providing a possible path towards quantum computing in silicon.
We study theoretically the quantum dynamics of an electron in the singly ionized double-donor structure in the semiconductor host under the influence of laser pulses whose frequencies are close to structure resonant frequencies. This system can be used as a charge qubit where the logical states are defined by the lowest two energy states of the remaining valence electron localized around one or another donor. The quantum operations are performed via resonant or Raman-like transitions between the localized (qubit) states and the excited states delocalized over the structure, combined with phase shifts between qubit states generated by voltage pulses. The possibility of realization of arbitrary single-qubit rotations is demonstrated.
An all optical implementation of quantum information processing with semiconductor macroatoms is proposed. Our quantum hardware consists of an array of quantum dots and the computational degrees of freedom are energy-selected interband optical transitions. The quantum-computing strategy exploits exciton-exciton interactions driven by ultrafast multicolor laser pulses. Contrary to existing proposals based on charge excitations, our approach does not require time-dependent electric fields, thus allowing for a subpicosecond, decoherence-free, operation time scale in realistic semiconductor nanostructures.
Quantum computers must achieve large-scale fault-tolerant operation to deliver on their promise of transformational processing power. This will require thousands or millions of high-fidelity quantum gates and similar numbers of qubits. Demonstrations using neutral-atom qubits trapped and manipulated by lasers have shown that this modality can provide high two-qubit gate () fidelities and scalable operation. However, the gates in these demonstrations are driven by lasers that do not resolve individual qubits, with universal computation enabled by physical midcircuit shuttling of the qubits. This relatively slow operation may greatly extend run times for useful large-scale computation. Here, we demonstrate a universal neutral-atom quantum computer with gate rates limited by optical switching times, rather than shuttling, by individually addressing tightly focused laser beams at an array of single atoms. We achieve fidelity of 99.35(4)% and local single-qubit R Z gate fidelity of 99.902(8)% in both cases accounting for leakage out of the computational basis. Moreover, we demonstrate nondestructive readout of alkali-atom qubits with 0.9(3)% loss, which boosts operational speed. This technique also enables us to measure a state-of-the-art fidelity of 99.73(3)% when excluding atom-loss events, which may be mitigated through erasure conversion. Our results represent a critical step toward large-scale fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computers that can execute computations on practical timescales.