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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

An optical device for controlling dispersion in quantum communication

M. A. Sagioro, Sebastião Pádua

Published Nov 16, 2012• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We theoretically demonstrate a new scheme for cancelling the dispersive effects in quantum communication with two entangled photons propagating in optical fibres. In the case of two entangled photons generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion and propagating in two optical fibres, it is demonstrated that the dispersive effect in the biphoton wavepacket is cancelled by inserting only one Fabry–Perot cavity into one of the fibre's lines. No special dispersive material or interference of the transmitted photons in a beam splitter (or interferometer) is necessary. In the scheme, where one of the photons is reflected by the Fabry–Perot cavity before being transmitted by the fibre, a full dispersion cancellation is shown with no decrease in the number of photons at the optical fibres exit.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/45/23/235502

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We theoretically demonstrate a new scheme for cancelling the dispersive effects in quantum communication with two entangled photons propagating in optical fibres. In the case of two entangled photons generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion and propagating in two optical fibres, it is demonstrated that the dispersive effect in the biphoton wavepacket is cancelled by inserting only one Fabry–Perot cavity into one of the fibre's lines. No special dispersive material or interference of the transmitted photons in a beam splitter (or interferometer) is necessary. In the scheme, where one of the photons is reflected by the Fabry–Perot cavity before being transmitted by the fibre, a full dispersion cancellation is shown with no decrease in the number of photons at the optical fibres exit.
Propagation of entangled photons in optical fibre is one of the fundamental issues for realizing quantum communication protocols. When entanglement in polarization is considered, a problem of compensating for the fibre effect on photons polarization arises. In this paper, we demonstrate an effective solution where a Faraday mirror allows us to cancel undesired effects of polarization drift in fibre. This technique is applied to a protocol for generating Bell states by a narrow temporal selection of the second-order intensity correlation function.
The spectral filtering of a field with strong quantum correlations is studied. The changes in the correlation characteristics of a field, produced by a down converter, passing through a strongly dispersive element like a Fabry-P\'erot cavity, are calculated. In the special case when the central frequency of the idler and signal photons coincides with the resonance frequency of the cavity, there is a cancellation of the dispersive effects of the cavity. Detailed numerical results for the two-photon joint counting rate are presented. The effects of the absorption in the medium on the two-photon correlations are also discussed.
Abstract In the realm of quantum information processing and precision measurements, a range of non-classical effects based on entangled photon pairs are employed. Non-local dispersion cancellation is one of these properties, in which the second photon (idler) can be manipulated to cancel the effects of dispersion on the first photon (signal). In the present study, a thorough investigation is conducted into non-local dispersion cancellation by using excitation modes within a Bragg grating slab waveguide. We present a complete theoretical analysis of non-local dispersion cancellation for frequency-limited entangled photon pairs. For the analysis of the effect of dispersion cancellation, we use a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) photon pair source with frequency correlation and anti-correlation as the entangled source. To evaluate the dispersion cancellation effect for information processing applications, the second correlation function is used and calculated as a practical and tangible metric. Considering different cases for Bragg Grating waveguide the results on both photons are extracted and discussed. Moreover, we will show that the physical parameters of the waveguide that the second photon is propagated inside will be effective in minimizing the width of the temporal correlation function. Hence, this study underscores the feasibility of achieving non-local dispersion cancellation through strategic optimization of optical and geometric parameters in the Bragg Grating waveguide, with potential implications for quantum information processing and high-resolution sensing endeavors.
Entangled photons have appeared to be a promising way both for fundamental tests of physical principles and for quantum information applications such as Quantum Key Distribution. In particular, using entangled photons could potentially allow the realization of key distribution protocols over distances greater than a few hundreds of kilometers and security certification without a priori trust in the devices employed. Recently we reported experiments in which entanglement is manipulated in the frequency domain using electro-optic phase modulators driven by radio-frequency signals. Such method allows observation of an accurate and stable high-visibility (better than 99%) two-photon Bessel interference patterns. However in long distance fibre implementation this scheme remains sensitive to chromatic dispersion effect. We report a simple non local dispersion cancellation method built entirely from off-the-shelf components. The figure 1 a) depicts a setup allowing a realization of a non local dispersion cancellation in frequency domain. Pairs of photon are created by parametric down conversion in a Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) waveguide symmetrically around the 1550 nm wavelength (pulsation ω0). A 3dB coupler separates photon pairs. One of the photons is launched in a fibre spool. The second is launched in equivalent fibre spool following by a commercial programmable optical filter based on solid-state Liquid Crystal on Silicon switching element (Waveshaper 4000S). This equipment allows introducing a negative dispersion necessary to cancel the positive dispersion effect experienced by the photons propagating in the fiber spools. Both photons are then modulated by independent electro-optic phase modulators (EOPM) at 25 GHz. The relative phases between the 25 GHz signals are independently controlled by two phase shifters PS1 and PS2. After modulation, the photons are sent through narrowband tunable filters (F1,2) centred on angular frequency ω0. The photons are detected by two Avalanche Photodiodes (D1, 2). The phase modulators perform Bessel-type interference between photons separately detected on D1 and D2 (see [3] for details). The figure 1 b) and 1c) shows respectively the theoretical evolution of the interference patterns versus the distance when the phase shift is varying between 0 and 2π without (b) and with (c) negative dispersion (the normalized amplitude of modulation is 2.74). The introduction of negative dispersion allows cancelling the dispersion effect on the observed interference patterns.
We report an experimental study of group-velocity dispersion effect on an entangled two-photon wave packet, generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion and propagating through a dispersive medium. Even in the case of using cw laser beam for pump, the biphoton wave packet and the second-order correlation function spread significantly. The study and understanding of this phenomenon is of great importance for quantum information applications, such as quantum communication and distant clock synchronization.
We present the first observation of two-photon polarization interference structure in the second-order Glauber correlation function of two-photon light generated via type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion. In order to obtain this result, two-photon light is transmitted through an optical fiber and the coincidence distribution is analyzed by means of the start-stop method. Beyond the experimental demonstration of an interesting effect in quantum optics, these results also have considerable relevance for quantum communications.