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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Quantum Detection Applications of NanoSQUIDs fabricated by Focussed Ion Beam

L Hao

Published Mar 1, 2011• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The increasing demands of quantum metrology and nanoscience are driving the requirements for single particle detection capability across a wide variety of physics applications, including QIP, single photon detection, NEMS, nanomagnetism and spintronics. NanoSQUIDs represent a new manifestation of an old but exciting superconducting technology which addresses some of these requirements. We will describe a straightforward approach to fabricating Nb microbridge weak-links which may be used in nanoscale SQUIDs. These devices have demonstrated very low noise, even at operating temperatures above 4.2 K. We will also describe the performance of prototype devices made using this technique for energy resolving single photon detection, nanoparticle spin detection and NEMS resonator readout.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/286/1/012013

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The increasing demands of quantum metrology and nanoscience are driving the requirements for single particle detection capability across a wide variety of physics applications, including QIP, single photon detection, NEMS, nanomagnetism and spintronics. NanoSQUIDs represent a new manifestation of an old but exciting superconducting technology which addresses some of these requirements. We will describe a straightforward approach to fabricating Nb microbridge weak-links which may be used in nanoscale SQUIDs. These devices have demonstrated very low noise, even at operating temperatures above 4.2 K. We will also describe the performance of prototype devices made using this technique for energy resolving single photon detection, nanoparticle spin detection and NEMS resonator readout.
The requirements of quantum metrology and nanoscience are driving the need for single-particle detection capability across a wide variety of physics areas, including quantum information processing, single-photon detection, nanoelectromechanical systems, nanomagnetism and spintronics. The single particles to be detected include atoms, molecules, photons, spins and even phonons, in the future. Nanoscale superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs) represent a new manifestation of an old but exciting superconducting technology which addresses some of these requirements. In this paper we describe a straightforward approach to fabricating Nb microbridge weak links using combined optical lithography and focused ion beams which may be used to fabricate nanoSQUIDs. The devices show non-hysteretic current?voltage characteristics and demonstrate very low noise, even at operating temperatures above 4.2?K. To improve our understanding of the superconducting properties of the Josephson microbridge/nanobridge junctions which have proved very successful in realizing low noise nanoSQUIDs we have carried out a combination of investigations. These include cryogenic resistance versus temperature (R(T)) and current?voltage characteristic measurements, atomic force microscope scans, controlled gallium (Ga) ion milling and implantation, and ion beam track modelling of these Josephson devices and Nb thin films.
We report here recent work at the U.K. National Physical Laboratory on developing nanoscale SQUIDs using Dayem bridge Josephson junctions. The advantages are simplicity of fabrication, exceptional low-noise performance, toward the quantum limit, and a range of novel applications. Focused ion beam patterned Nb SQUID, possessing exceptionally low noise (~200 nΦ0/Hz1/2above 1 kHz), and operating above 4.2 K can be applied to measurement of nanoscale magnetic objects or coupled to nanoelectromechanical resonators, as well as single particle detection of photons, protons, and ions. The limited operating temperature range may be extended by exposing the Dayem bridges to carefully controlled ion beam implantation, leading to nonreversible changes in junction transition temperature.
Science and industry demand ever more sensitive measurements on ever smaller systems, as exemplified by spintronics, nanoelectromechanical system, and spin-based quantum information processing, where single electronic spin detection poses a grand challenge. Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have yet to be effectively applied to nanoscale measurements. Here, we show that a simple bilayer deposition route, combining photolithography with focused ion beam patterning, produces high performance nanoscale SQUIDs. We present results of noise measurements on these nanoSQUIDs which correspond to a magnetic flux sensitivity of around 0.2μΦ0∕Hz1∕2. This represents one of the lowest noise values achieved for a SQUID device operating above 1K.
Abstract SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) are macroscopic quantum devices capable of detecting and measuring a wide variety of physical parameters with unprecedented sensitivity. SQUIDs based on nanobridge weak links have shown increasing promise for quantum information and quantum sensing applications such as single spin detection. Focussed ion beam etched nanobridges have properties which can enhance nanoSQUID device performance but are often limited in terms of their non-hysteretic operating temperature range. Here we describe measurements of FIB-milled nanobridges, as single weak links or in nanoSQUIDs, made using either Ga, Xe or Ne ion beam sources. Their properties as a function of temperature, bias current, magnetic field and microwave power are measured and modelled according to a range of superconductivity models, as a means for improved understanding of the associated nanobridge parameters. We further propose techniques to extend the non-hysteretic operating temperature range of the devices.
SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) have been in use for more than half a century and constitute one of the first macroscopic quantum devices. SQUIDs operating at millikelvin temperatures can act as qubits for quantum computers and the recent reports of more than 50 qubit circuits indicate how far the technology has developed. In this talk, the author will describe two other applications of SQUIDs as quantum detectors, focusing on single spin and single photon energy resolving detection. Most superconducting devices rely on tri-layer Josephson tunnel junctions which are not easily scalable to the nanoscale. We have developed a Josephson junction fabrication method, based on electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling of a single thin film of superconductor (Nb generally) which can provide sizes down to 50 nm. These devices are particularly relevant for two main applications in quantum technology and metrology. First, by shrinking the size of the SQUID loop and the junctions to around 200 nm, the sensitivity of the SQUID for magnetization measurements is improved to the level where a single electron spin flip may be detected. This is possible at the relatively elevated temperature of 4K.  We are working with Surrey University to implant single magnetic ions within the SQUID loop to provide a platform to test this combination as the basis for a new form of qubit operating at higher temperatures than the conventional Transmon superconducting devices. A second SQUID based detector which we are developing is an inductive transition edge sensor device (ISTED) for energy resolving measurements of single photons. This is based on the development of conventional transition edge sensors where we detect the change of the penetration depth of a small thin film of superconductor when it absorbs a photon. In this way, a major source of noise in conventional TES may be avoided since the absorber remains in the superconducting state at all times. In this way we have demonstrated single photon detection at 633 nm with 0.1eV resolution at operating temperature of 7.5K.
This article reviews recent progress in superconducting nanodevices, with particular emphasis on fabrication methods developed for superconducting nanowires and nanoscale Josephson junctions based on different barrier materials. It evaluates the future potential of superconducting nanodevices, including nano-superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs), in light of improvements in nanoscale fabrication and manipulation techniques, along with their likely impacts on future quantum technology and measurement. The article first considers efforts to realize devices at the physical scale of 100 nm and below before discussing different types of Josephson junction such as trilayer junctions. It also describes the use of focused ion beam milling and electron beam lithography techniques for junction fabrication at the nanoscale and the improved energy sensitivity detectable with a nanoSQUID. Finally, it looks at a range of applications for nanoSQUIDs, superconducting single photon detectors, and other superconducting nanodevices.