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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Clearly resolved secular sidebands on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674 nm clock transition in a single trapped Sr/sup +/ ion, and prospects for trapped ion frequency standards

G. P. Barwood, Patrick Robert Gill, Hugh A. Klein, W. R. C. Rowley

Published Dec 24, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A pre-stabilised 674 nm diode laser has been narrowed by locking it to a high-finesse ULE cavity and kHz error signals have been observed. Confinement of single laser cooled Sr/sup +/ ions in a miniature RF trap has been demonstrated and micromotion reduction achieved. RF trap secular sidebands have been observed on the Sr/sup +2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674 nm clock transition. The implication of these results, and similar results in other trapped ion systems will be discussed.

DOI
10.1109/cpem.1996.547322

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Clearly resolved secular sidebands on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674-nm clock transition in a single trapped Sr/sup +/ ion

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Aug 29, 2005•0 citations
A pre-stabilised 674 nm diode laser has been narrowed by locking it to a high-finesse ULE cavity and kHz error signals have been observed. Confinement of single laser cooled Sr/sup +/ ions in a miniature RF trap has been demonstrated and micromotion reduction achieved. RF trap secular sidebands have been observed on the Sr/sup +2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674 nm clock transition. The implication of these results, and similar results in other trapped ion systems will be discussed.
A prestabilized 674-nm diode laser has been narrowed by locking it to a high-finesse ultra-low-expansion cavity and kilohertz error signals have been observed. Lamb-Dicke confinement of single laser cooled Sr/sup +/ ions in a miniature rf trap has been demonstrated and micromotion reduction achieved. RF trap sidebands have been observed on the Sr/sup + 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674 mm clock transition. The transition frequency has been measured to be (444779043.98/spl plusmn/0.12) MHz (2/spl sigma/).
We are studying a single Sr/sup +/ atom confined in a Paul trap to produce a frequency standard in the visible region of the spectrum. The goal is to excite a clock transition of the ion at 674 nm with a diode laser and measure its absolute frequency. It is only possible to probe the 0.3-Hz transition if the diode laser is extremely stable during the measurement process which in this experiment can take several minutes to complete. Frequency stabilization of the probing laser was achieved with a lock to an ultra-stable Fabry-Perot cavity. The cavity was temperature stabilized and has demonstrated good long term stability.
A simultaneous observation of the optical-clock ${}^{2}{S}_{1/2}{\ensuremath{-}}^{2}{D}_{5/2}$ transition at 674 nm, in two separately trapped single 88Sr+{}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}88Sr+ ions, is reported. Two nominally identical miniature rf Paul traps were used together with a 674-nm sideband-injection-locked extended-cavity diode laser. This ``slave'' laser was optically phase locked about 650 MHz away from a ``master'' diode laser, which was itself locked to a high-finesse, ultra-low-expansion (ULE) cavity. The ULE cavity was temperature-stabilized and suspended in an evacuated enclosure, and provided an ``optical flywheel'' reference standard with a relative drift rate of better than 1 part in 1011{10}^{11}1011 per hour. The difference between center frequencies of the single 88Sr+{}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}88Sr+-ion 674-nm (445-THz) transition multiplet in two traps was 120(90) Hz (one standard uncertainty). Thus the two trap center frequencies agree to 3 parts in 1013.{10}^{13}.1013.
We are investigating the 5s/sup 21/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p/sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition of a single trapped laser-cooled /sup 115/In/sup +/ ion as a possible optical frequency standard. This line with a natural linewidth of only 1.1 Hz, corresponding to a Q factor of 1.2/spl middot/10/sup 15/, is highly immune to systematic frequency shifts due to external perturbations. For sideband laser cooling and fluorescence detection of the indium ion the 5s/sup 21/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition at 230.6 nm is excited. Temperatures below 100 /spl mu/K and a mean vibrational quantum number<1 of the ion in the trap have been reached. For the clock transition a resolution of 3/spl middot/10/sup -13/ (linewidth 350 Hz) has been obtained so far, limited by the laser linewidth. The absolute frequency of the /sup 1/S/sub 0//spl rarr//sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition was measured by making a link to known reference frequencies of molecular iodine and methane using a frequency chain.
Summary form only given. Among the ions proposed for a frequency standard in the optical domain, Ca/sup +/ is one of the most favorable candidates due to its wavelengths accessible with all-solid-state laser systems. This allows to imagine an ultimate experimental setup being simple and compact. The 4S/sub 1/2/-3D/sub 5/2/ electric quadrupole transition at 729 nm with a natural linewidth below 1 Hz serves as clock transition, while laser cooling on one of the resonance lines is carried out at 397 nm. To obtain the small spectral linewidths necessary for a frequency standard performance, it is essential to reduce the residual Doppler broadening caused by the RF heating in the Paul trap. The first-order Doppler broadening of a single ion can be eliminated in the Lamb-Dicke regime where the ion's amplitude of motion is inferior to the emitted wavelength. The main condition for the access of this frequency modulation regime is a high motional frequency of the trapped ion. This is more easily obtained in a low capacitance device and thus traps with reduced dimensions are required. We have set up a miniature ion trap of the Paul-Straubel-type. The stored ions are observed by a photomultiplier in the photon-counting mode as well as by an intensified CCD camera, permitting the visualization of their spatial behavior. Laser cooling of the Ca/sup +/ ions is carried out on the 4S/sub 1/2/-4P/sup 1/2/ resonance line at 397 nm. Progress on the characterization of the trapped single ion as well as on the generation of the involved wavelengths exclusively by solid-state lasers is reported.