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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Clearly resolved secular sidebands on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674-nm clock transition in a single trapped Sr/sup +/ ion

G. P. Barwood, Patrick Robert Gill, Hugh A. Klein, W. R. C. Rowley

Published Apr 1, 1997• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A prestabilized 674-nm diode laser has been narrowed by locking it to a high-finesse ultra-low-expansion cavity and kilohertz error signals have been observed. Lamb-Dicke confinement of single laser cooled Sr/sup +/ ions in a miniature rf trap has been demonstrated and micromotion reduction achieved. RF trap sidebands have been observed on the Sr/sup + 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674 mm clock transition. The transition frequency has been measured to be (444779043.98/spl plusmn/0.12) MHz (2/spl sigma/).

DOI
10.1109/19.571792

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Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)•Jan 22, 2003•1 citation
A prestabilized 674-nm diode laser has been narrowed by locking it to a high-finesse ultra-low-expansion cavity and kilohertz error signals have been observed. Lamb-Dicke confinement of single laser cooled Sr/sup +/ ions in a miniature rf trap has been demonstrated and micromotion reduction achieved. RF trap sidebands have been observed on the Sr/sup + 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ 674 mm clock transition. The transition frequency has been measured to be (444779043.98/spl plusmn/0.12) MHz (2/spl sigma/).
A simultaneous observation of the optical-clock ${}^{2}{S}_{1/2}{\ensuremath{-}}^{2}{D}_{5/2}$ transition at 674 nm, in two separately trapped single 88Sr+{}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}88Sr+ ions, is reported. Two nominally identical miniature rf Paul traps were used together with a 674-nm sideband-injection-locked extended-cavity diode laser. This ``slave'' laser was optically phase locked about 650 MHz away from a ``master'' diode laser, which was itself locked to a high-finesse, ultra-low-expansion (ULE) cavity. The ULE cavity was temperature-stabilized and suspended in an evacuated enclosure, and provided an ``optical flywheel'' reference standard with a relative drift rate of better than 1 part in 1011{10}^{11}1011 per hour. The difference between center frequencies of the single 88Sr+{}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}88Sr+-ion 674-nm (445-THz) transition multiplet in two traps was 120(90) Hz (one standard uncertainty). Thus the two trap center frequencies agree to 3 parts in 1013.{10}^{13}.1013.
We are studying a single Sr/sup +/ atom confined in a Paul trap to produce a frequency standard in the visible region of the spectrum. The goal is to excite a clock transition of the ion at 674 nm with a diode laser and measure its absolute frequency. It is only possible to probe the 0.3-Hz transition if the diode laser is extremely stable during the measurement process which in this experiment can take several minutes to complete. Frequency stabilization of the probing laser was achieved with a lock to an ultra-stable Fabry-Perot cavity. The cavity was temperature stabilized and has demonstrated good long term stability.
An optical frequency standard, based on the 674 nm 2S1/2-2D5/2 'clock' transition in a laser cooled trapped strontium ion is currently being evaluated at the UK National Physical Laboratory. The probe laser is a narrowed AlGaInP diode laser locked to a highly-stable and ultra-low- expansion high-finesse cavity. Laser linewidths of less than 200 Hz have been observed, measured by scanning over a single Zeeman component at 674 nm. The development of this laser is described, together with factors currently limiting the observed linewidth. Three 88Sr+ traps are now in operation, and the probe laser source can be simultaneously locked to the center of the 2S1/2 - 2D5/2 Zeeman multiplet in any two of the three traps, allowing a comparison between them. Recent results on this comparison are presented.
We are investigating the 5s/sup 21/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p/sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition of a single trapped laser-cooled /sup 115/In/sup +/ ion as a possible optical frequency standard. This line with a natural linewidth of only 1.1 Hz, corresponding to a Q factor of 1.2/spl middot/10/sup 15/, is highly immune to systematic frequency shifts due to external perturbations. For sideband laser cooling and fluorescence detection of the indium ion the 5s/sup 21/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition at 230.6 nm is excited. Temperatures below 100 /spl mu/K and a mean vibrational quantum number<1 of the ion in the trap have been reached. For the clock transition a resolution of 3/spl middot/10/sup -13/ (linewidth 350 Hz) has been obtained so far, limited by the laser linewidth. The absolute frequency of the /sup 1/S/sub 0//spl rarr//sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition was measured by making a link to known reference frequencies of molecular iodine and methane using a frequency chain.