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Applied Physics Letters

Experimental implementation of phase locking in a nonlinear interferometer

Hailong Wang, Alberto M. Marino, Jietai Jing

Published Sep 21, 2015• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based upon two cascade four-wave mixing processes in two identical hot rubidium vapor cells, a nonlinear interferometer has been experimentally realized [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011); Hudelist et al., Nat. Commun. 5, 3049 (2014)]. It has a higher degree of phase sensitivity than a traditional linear interferometer and has many potential applications in quantum metrology. Phase locking of the nonlinear interferometer is needed before it can find its way into applications. In this letter, we investigate the experimental implementation of phase locking of the relative phase between the three beams at different frequencies involved in such a nonlinear interferometer. We have utilized two different methods, namely, beat note locking and coherent modulation locking. We find that coherent modulation locking can achieve much better phase stability than beat note locking in our system. Our results pave the way for real applications of a nonlinear interferometer in precision measurement and quantum manipulation, for example, phase control in phase-sensitive N-wave mixing process, N-port nonlinear interferometer and quantum-enhanced real-time phase tracking.

DOI
10.1063/1.4931686

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Based upon two cascade four-wave mixing processes in two identical hot rubidium vapor cells, a nonlinear interferometer has been experimentally realized [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011); Hudelist et al., Nat. Commun. 5, 3049 (2014)]. It has a higher degree of phase sensitivity than a traditional linear interferometer and has many potential applications in quantum metrology. Phase locking of the nonlinear interferometer is needed before it can find its way into applications. In this letter, we investigate the experimental implementation of phase locking of the relative phase between the three beams at different frequencies involved in such a nonlinear interferometer. We have utilized two different methods, namely, beat note locking and coherent modulation locking. We find that coherent modulation locking can achieve much better phase stability than beat note locking in our system. Our results pave the way for real applications of a nonlinear interferometer in precision measurement and quantum manipulation, for example, phase control in phase-sensitive N-wave mixing process, N-port nonlinear interferometer and quantum-enhanced real-time phase tracking.
Conventional interferometers make precision measurements by analyzing the position of interference fringes while nonlinear interferometers rely upon a sensitive measurement of phase difference. We detect this phase sensitivity using a correlated probe and conjugate beam that have undergone four-wave mixing inside a hot Rubidium-85 vapor cell. By placing a piece of glass into the path of the probe we observe a phase shift that indicates a successful nonlinear interferometer. We now plan to place into the probe path oils with known indices of refraction on plasmonic media and measure the resulting phase shifts. These results will then allow us to back-calculate an unknown material’s index of refraction simply by observing the phase shift with a level of sensitivity greater than conventional interferometers. Continued research in the field of interferometry utilizing nonlinear processes should provide even greater sensitivity in precision measurements and applications across a range of scientific disciplines.
Beamsplitters have played an important role in quantum optics experiments. They are often used to split and combine two beams, especially in the construct of an interferometer. In this letter, we experimentally implement a nonlinear beamsplitter using a phase-sensitive parametric amplifier, which is based on four-wave mixing in hot rubidium vapor. Here we show that, despite the different frequencies of the two input beams, the output ports of the nonlinear beamsplitter exhibit interference phenomena. We make measurements of the interference fringe visibility and study how various parameters, such as the intensity gain of the amplifier, the intensity ratio of the two input beams, and the one and two photon detunings, affect the behavior of the nonlinear beamsplitter. It may find potential applications in quantum metrology and quantum information processing.
Two four-wave mixing processes have been employed to experimentally construct a nonlinear interferometer [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011)], which has a better phase sensitivity than the traditional linear interferometer. For its applications in quantum measurement, interference fringe visibility can significantly affect the quantum detection efficiency. In this letter, we study how various parameters, such as the pump power, the one-photon detuning, and the two-photon detuning, influence the visibility of nonlinear interferometer. We find that the visibility greater than 0.9 can be achieved for large range of system parameters.
Quantum correlations and entanglement shared among multiple modes are fundamental ingredients of most continuous-variable quantum technologies. Recently, a method used to generate multiple quantum correlated beams using cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes was theoretically proposed and experimentally realized by our group [Z. Qin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023602 (2014)]. Our study of triple-beam quantum correlation paves the way to showing the tripartite entanglement in our system. Our system also promises to find applications in quantum information and precision measurement such as the controlled quantum communications, the generation of multiple quantum correlated images, and the realization of a multiport nonlinear interferometer. For its applications, the degree of quantum correlation is a crucial figure of merit. In this letter, we experimentally study how various parameters, such as the cell temperatures, one-photon, and two-photon detunings, influence the degree of quantum correlation between the triple beams generated from the cascaded two-FWM configuration.