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Research in Optical Sciences

Realization of Nonlinear Interferometer using the Four Wave Mixing in Hot Rubidium Vapor

Jietai Jing, Cunjin Liu, Zhifan Zhou, Florian Hudelsit, Z. Y. Ou, Weiping Zhang

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally realized a nonlinear interferometer which has a visibility close to 1 and can result in an enhancement of phase sensitivity with a factor of 2G2 compared to the linear interferometer.
DOI
10.1364/qim.2012.qt1a.3

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Based upon two cascade four-wave mixing processes in two identical hot rubidium vapor cells, a nonlinear interferometer has been experimentally realized [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011); Hudelist et al., Nat. Commun. 5, 3049 (2014)]. It has a higher degree of phase sensitivity than a traditional linear interferometer and has many potential applications in quantum metrology. Phase locking of the nonlinear interferometer is needed before it can find its way into applications. In this letter, we investigate the experimental implementation of phase locking of the relative phase between the three beams at different frequencies involved in such a nonlinear interferometer. We have utilized two different methods, namely, beat note locking and coherent modulation locking. We find that coherent modulation locking can achieve much better phase stability than beat note locking in our system. Our results pave the way for real applications of a nonlinear interferometer in precision measurement and quantum manipulation, for example, phase control in phase-sensitive N-wave mixing process, N-port nonlinear interferometer and quantum-enhanced real-time phase tracking.
Conventional interferometers make precision measurements by analyzing the position of interference fringes while nonlinear interferometers rely upon a sensitive measurement of phase difference. We detect this phase sensitivity using a correlated probe and conjugate beam that have undergone four-wave mixing inside a hot Rubidium-85 vapor cell. By placing a piece of glass into the path of the probe we observe a phase shift that indicates a successful nonlinear interferometer. We now plan to place into the probe path oils with known indices of refraction on plasmonic media and measure the resulting phase shifts. These results will then allow us to back-calculate an unknown material’s index of refraction simply by observing the phase shift with a level of sensitivity greater than conventional interferometers. Continued research in the field of interferometry utilizing nonlinear processes should provide even greater sensitivity in precision measurements and applications across a range of scientific disciplines.
We describe an all-fiber nonlinear interferometer based on four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber. Our configuration realizes phase-sensitive interference with 97% peak visibility and >90% visibility over a broad 554 GHz optical band. By comparing the output noise power to the shot-noise level, we confirm noise cancellation at dark interference fringes, as required for quantum-enhanced sensitivity. Our device extends nonlinear interferometry to the important platform of highly nonlinear optical fiber and could find applications in a variety of fiber-based sensors.
Two four-wave mixing processes have been employed to experimentally construct a nonlinear interferometer [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011)], which has a better phase sensitivity than the traditional linear interferometer. For its applications in quantum measurement, interference fringe visibility can significantly affect the quantum detection efficiency. In this letter, we study how various parameters, such as the pump power, the one-photon detuning, and the two-photon detuning, influence the visibility of nonlinear interferometer. We find that the visibility greater than 0.9 can be achieved for large range of system parameters.
We propose a different type of nonlinear interferometer, namely, four-beam nonlinear interferometer, which can realize phase-sensitivity enhancement. We compare the phase sensitivity of the four-beam nonlinear interferometer and the corresponding shot-noise limit. Our results demonstrate that the four-beam nonlinear interferometer can achieve a phase-sensitivity enhancement compared with the corresponding shot-noise limit. Moreover, taking the losses into consideration, the phase sensitivity of the four-beam nonlinear interferometer can also beat the corresponding shot-noise limit. Our scheme may find potential applications in multiparameter quantum metrology.