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Applied Physics Letters

Experimental investigation of the visibility dependence in a nonlinear interferometer using parametric amplifiers

Jia Kong, Jietai Jing, Hailong Wang, Florian Hudelist, Cunjin Liu, Weiping Zhang

Published Jan 7, 2013• 44 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two four-wave mixing processes have been employed to experimentally construct a nonlinear interferometer [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011)], which has a better phase sensitivity than the traditional linear interferometer. For its applications in quantum measurement, interference fringe visibility can significantly affect the quantum detection efficiency. In this letter, we study how various parameters, such as the pump power, the one-photon detuning, and the two-photon detuning, influence the visibility of nonlinear interferometer. We find that the visibility greater than 0.9 can be achieved for large range of system parameters.

DOI
10.1063/1.4774380

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Two four-wave mixing processes have been employed to experimentally construct a nonlinear interferometer [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011)], which has a better phase sensitivity than the traditional linear interferometer. For its applications in quantum measurement, interference fringe visibility can significantly affect the quantum detection efficiency. In this letter, we study how various parameters, such as the pump power, the one-photon detuning, and the two-photon detuning, influence the visibility of nonlinear interferometer. We find that the visibility greater than 0.9 can be achieved for large range of system parameters.
Optical interferometer has played an important role in optics. Up to now, many kinds of interferometers have been realized and found their applications. In this letter, we experimentally construct an interferometer by using parametric amplifier as a wave splitter and beam splitter as a wave combiner. We make measurements of interference fringes and explore the relationships between the interference visibility of the interferometer and various system parameters, such as the gain of the parametric amplifier, the one-photon detuning and the temperature of the Rb-85 vapor cell.
Beamsplitters have played an important role in quantum optics experiments. They are often used to split and combine two beams, especially in the construct of an interferometer. In this letter, we experimentally implement a nonlinear beamsplitter using a phase-sensitive parametric amplifier, which is based on four-wave mixing in hot rubidium vapor. Here we show that, despite the different frequencies of the two input beams, the output ports of the nonlinear beamsplitter exhibit interference phenomena. We make measurements of the interference fringe visibility and study how various parameters, such as the intensity gain of the amplifier, the intensity ratio of the two input beams, and the one and two photon detunings, affect the behavior of the nonlinear beamsplitter. It may find potential applications in quantum metrology and quantum information processing.
Based upon two cascade four-wave mixing processes in two identical hot rubidium vapor cells, a nonlinear interferometer has been experimentally realized [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 011110 (2011); Hudelist et al., Nat. Commun. 5, 3049 (2014)]. It has a higher degree of phase sensitivity than a traditional linear interferometer and has many potential applications in quantum metrology. Phase locking of the nonlinear interferometer is needed before it can find its way into applications. In this letter, we investigate the experimental implementation of phase locking of the relative phase between the three beams at different frequencies involved in such a nonlinear interferometer. We have utilized two different methods, namely, beat note locking and coherent modulation locking. We find that coherent modulation locking can achieve much better phase stability than beat note locking in our system. Our results pave the way for real applications of a nonlinear interferometer in precision measurement and quantum manipulation, for example, phase control in phase-sensitive N-wave mixing process, N-port nonlinear interferometer and quantum-enhanced real-time phase tracking.
A nonlinear interferometer uses nonlinear elements as beam splitters to split and to recombine optical waves for interference. As a result, the interference fringe size has a nonlinear dependence on the intensity of the field for phase sensing and leads to an enhanced phase signal. In this paper, a practical scheme of nonlinear interferometry for precision phase measurement is analyzed with parametric amplifiers as the nonlinear beam splitters. It is found that the signal due to phase shift is enhanced by a factor of the amplification gain as compared to a linear interferometer with the same phase-sensing light intensity while the quantum noise is kept at the vacuum level, thus, effectively increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond the standard quantum limit. Furthermore, the scheme is not as sensitive to the detection loss as the linear scheme with a squeezed state for noise reduction. However, losses inside the interferometer limit the enhancement factor in SNR. We apply the concept to a Michelson interferometer but with parametric amplifiers involved for gravitational-wave detection. We find that effective power is increased by the gain of the amplifiers without actually increasing the cycling power inside the interferometer. Furthermore, the full benefits with squeezed input and variational output or the combination of a quantum nondemolition interferometer for sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit apply here with even better results. Such a nonlinear interferometer will find wide applications in precision measurements.
We construct an interferometer with parametric amplifiers as beam splitters. Because of the gain in the parametric amplifiers, the maximum output intensity of the interferometer can be much bigger than the input intensity as well as the intensity inside the interferometer (the phase sensing intensity). We find that the fringe intensity depends quadratically on the intensity of the phase sensing field at high gain. This type of nonlinear interferometer has better sensitivity than the traditional linear interferometer made of beam splitters with the same phase sensing intensity.
We describe an all-fiber nonlinear interferometer based on four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber. Our configuration realizes phase-sensitive interference with 97% peak visibility and >90% visibility over a broad 554 GHz optical band. By comparing the output noise power to the shot-noise level, we confirm noise cancellation at dark interference fringes, as required for quantum-enhanced sensitivity. Our device extends nonlinear interferometry to the important platform of highly nonlinear optical fiber and could find applications in a variety of fiber-based sensors.