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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

Dressed state "engineering" with double-dark states: experimental observation of hyper-Raman transitions

Susanne F. Yelin, Mikhail D. Lukin, Michael M. Kash, Vladimir A. Sautenkov, George R. Welch, Marlan O. Scully

Published Nov 13, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. Dark states are coherent superpositions of metastable states in multilevel systems that can be generated by a pair of electromagnetic fields (e.g. by probe and pump fields), but are not coupled by the fields. As a rule, any perturbations of such a state are undesirable, since they result in reduction of coherence. However, it has been recently predicted that coherent perturbation of the dark state does not necessarily lead to simple destruction of coherence. In the case when a third meta-stable state coupled by a weak radio frequency (RF) field additional sharp resonances on the spectrum displaying electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT, dashed line) have been predicted. This phenomenon is a generalization of the well-known EIT concept to higher-order hyper-Raman transitions.

DOI
10.1109/qels.2001.961819

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Summary form only given. Dark states are coherent superpositions of metastable states in multilevel systems that can be generated by a pair of electromagnetic fields (e.g. by probe and pump fields), but are not coupled by the fields. As a rule, any perturbations of such a state are undesirable, since they result in reduction of coherence. However, it has been recently predicted that coherent perturbation of the dark state does not necessarily lead to simple destruction of coherence. In the case when a third meta-stable state coupled by a weak radio frequency (RF) field additional sharp resonances on the spectrum displaying electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT, dashed line) have been predicted. This phenomenon is a generalization of the well-known EIT concept to higher-order hyper-Raman transitions.
Summary form only given. The phenomenon of "dark resonances" or coherent population trapping is a well known concept in optics and laser spectroscopy. It can be considered as the basis for such effects as electromagnetically induced transparency and lasing without inversion. We report the observation of the novel spectral features which arise in systems where multiple quantum superposition states are coupled and interact coherently. These novel resonances correspond to the recently predicted "double-dark states". In the experiment, an optically thin ensemble of rubidium-37 atoms in zero magnetic field is excited in a /spl Lambda/ configuration with circularly polarized light from a pair of 789 nm diode lasers.
A near-resonant rf field pumping the hyperfine transition between the two ground states of a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-shaped dark resonance leads to a resonance tripling, each component displaying electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We investigate the three resonances under high spectral and temporal resolution. The triplet formation is analogous to that of the Mollow triplet but distinct in that the role played by the spontaneous emission rate is now taken by the one-photon scattering rate of the optical Raman transition. Complex phase relations exist between the three em fields under EIT conditions. We explain our observations using numerical solutions of the quantum master equation as well as a simple analytical dressed-state model.
We study coherence effects in an atom having three metastable levels and single life-time broadened upper state. Two laser fields couple ground states to an excited one and an radio-frequency (rf) field operates between ground state levels. We consider the case when the common level for the rf-field and one of the laser field (to which we refer as the probing field) transitions is twice degenerate. We predict a novel type of dark states (we call them non Raman dark states), which in contrary to Raman resonances, do not require the fulfillment of the two-photon resonance condition. We realize the configuration in the atomic hydrogen and show that non Raman resonances are determined by the geometry of the rf and probing field's polarizations. For ultra-cold atoms non Raman resonances arise when the polarization vectors of the fields are parallel or perpendicular to each other. For an atomic gas at room temperatures electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonances associated with Raman and non Raman dark states are studied by taking into account spin-exchange relaxation in the ground state of the hydrogen atom. We establish properties of non Raman dark states by investigating the relation of EIT resonances to the polarization geometry.
Double dark resonances originate from a coherent perturbation of a system displaying electromagnetically induced transparency. We experimentally show and theoretically confirm that this leads to the possibility of extremely sharp resonances prevailing even in the presence of considerable Doppler broadening. A gas of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms is subjected to a strong drive laser and a weak probe laser and a radio frequency field, where the magnetic coupling between the Zeeman levels leads to nonlinear generation of a comb of sidebands.
Cavity electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a coherently prepared cavity-atom system is manifested as a narrow transmission peak of a weak probe laser coupled into the cavity mode. We show that, with a resonant pump laser coupling the cavity-confined four-level atoms from free space, the narrow transmission peak of the cavity EIT is split into two peaks. The two peaks represent the dressed intracavity dark states and have a frequency separation approximately equal to the Rabi frequency of the free-space pump laser. We experimentally observed the dressed intracavity dark states in cold Rb atoms confined in a cavity, and the experimental results agree with theoretical calculations based on a semiclassical analysis.
We initially discuss the theory of three-level systems using the dressed state formalism. One of the dressed states, containing a ground state and a Rydberg state, does not couple with the probe laser; thus, the medium becomes transparent to the latter. This phenomenon is known as electro- magnetically induced transparency (EIT) and this dressed state is known as a Rydberg dark state. We show that EIT can be used to extract the reduced dipole matrix element for transitions to a Rydberg state. However, a prob- lem with three-level Rydberg EIT in a vapour cell is the occurrence of space charges caused by photoelectric ionisation of Rb metal deposited inside the cell. To avoid this problem, we consider adding a third laser resonant with a fourth level. This is to avoid using the laser whose wavelength is less than the threshold wavelength. In cold atoms, the effect of the third laser is to split the usual EIT resonance into a doublet. In thermal atoms, we observe narrow features due to electromagnetically induced absorption and electro- magnetically induced transparency in the Doppler-free configuration. Next we consider the action of a far off-resonance radio frequency (rf) field in the three-level system. We demonstrate the formation of rf-dressed EIT reso- nances in a thermal Rb vapour and show that such states exhibit enhanced sensitivity to dc electric fields compared to their bare counterparts. Fitting the corresponding EIT profile enables precise measurements of the dc field in- dependent of laser frequency fluctuations. We further investigate the theory of rf-dressed Rydberg EIT using the Floquet approach in order to understand the formation of the sideband structure of the Rydberg state. We find that if the time scale of the rf interaction is much shorter than that of the system evolution and decoherence, the sideband structure is well resolved. We also show that the intermediate state exhibits a sideband structure, induced by the Rydberg state, when the Rabi frequency of coupling laser is larger than twice the modulation frequency. Finally we consider resonant microwave cou- pling between the Rydberg states which leads to an Autler-Townes splitting of the EIT resonance in cold atoms. This splitting can be employed to vary the group index by ±10^5 allowing independent control of the absorptive and dispersive properties of the medium, i.e., one can switch the transparency of the medium or control the group velocity of a pulse propagation by tuning on and off the microwave field.