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Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications

Crystalline Model Systems Probing Dynamics and Electric-Field Effects

T. Attenberger, Udo Bogner

Published Jan 1, 1991• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently in studies of fluorescence excitation and persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) of single molecules in crystalline environment spectral jumps have been observed at 1.5 K providing new insights into the low temperature dynamics of the condensed phase [1]. The connection between PSHB and the phonon-induced dynamics in asymmetric double-well-potentials (DWP) has been used in a photophysical model of PSHB explaining also phonon detection by refilling of a spectral hole observed after irradiation with nanosecond heat pulses [2]. These DWP have been originally introduced in order to explain anomalous acoustic and thermal properties of amorphous materials by the socalled two-level systems, the existence of which is due to tunneling in DWP with appropriate parameters. The photophysical model is based on spectral shifts (matrix-shift-variations) caused by phonon-induced crossing of the barriers which can occur in all DWP if the phonon frequency is high enough.

DOI
10.1364/pshb.1991.fe9

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Recently in studies of fluorescence excitation and persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) of single molecules in crystalline environment spectral jumps have been observed at 1.5 K providing new insights into the low temperature dynamics of the condensed phase [1]. The connection between PSHB and the phonon-induced dynamics in asymmetric double-well-potentials (DWP) has been used in a photophysical model of PSHB explaining also phonon detection by refilling of a spectral hole observed after irradiation with nanosecond heat pulses [2]. These DWP have been originally introduced in order to explain anomalous acoustic and thermal properties of amorphous materials by the socalled two-level systems, the existence of which is due to tunneling in DWP with appropriate parameters. The photophysical model is based on spectral shifts (matrix-shift-variations) caused by phonon-induced crossing of the barriers which can occur in all DWP if the phonon frequency is high enough.
So far, persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon has been observed in a number of materials. They are molecules in glasses, crystals and polymers, color centers in alkali halide crystals, and rare earth and transition metal ions in glasses and crystals. They are molecular or ionic guests embedded in glass, crystal or polymer hosts. Basic requirements for the PSHB are summarized as follows: (1) The optical absorption of guests embedded in hosts must be broadened inhomogeneously. (2) There must exist more than one ground state configurations of the total system consisting of guests and hosts. (3) The relaxation among the ground states must be slower than the decay rate of any excited state. In fact, this set of requirements is satisfied in many kinds of molecular or ionic guests in hosts, such as glasses, crystals and polymers, at low temperatures. We can naturally understand that guests consisting of small number of atoms are greatly influenced by the surrounding hosts and that the energy levels of the guests are inhomogeneously broadened.
Persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) is a versatile tool to study Stark effect in solids where impurity spectra is strongly inhomogeneously broadened. At liquid helium temperatures impurity homogeneous zero-phonon line widths are small (γhom~10–2-10–4cm–1) and narrow holes can be burnt in the inhomogeneous distribution by illumination with narrow band laser(Δνlaser < γhom) U1- Stark effect alters the shape of narrow spectral holes depending on the Stark shift (splitting) of impurity energy levels, orientation of the impurities, strength and orientation of the electric field, as well as on the properties of the matrix [2].
We have studied persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomena of cuprous halide (CuCl) nanocrystals.In particular, we concentrate on two aspects: Fundamental physics and applications of the PSHB phenomena.Stark effects by trapped carriers or photoionization were proposed as the mechanisms of the PSHB phenomena.However, the further study is needed for the better understanding of the mechanism.In the course of the study to this direction, we found correlations between the PSHB phenomena and photoluminescence spectral-changes of excitons bound to Cu+-ion vacancies in CuCl nanocrystals and of Cu+ dimers in a NaCl crystal in CuCl nanocrystals embedded in a NaCl crystal.The spectral-changes can be triggered by Cu+-ion displacements in CuCl nanocrystals and in a NaCl crystal.On the other hand, in CuCl nanocrystals embedded in alumino borosilicate glass, the PSHB phenomena are considered to be caused by photophysical mechanisms, e. g., photoinduced structural-change at nanocrystal-glass interface and/or glass.PSHB phenomena can be applied to not only optical memory but also the precise, highresolution spectroscopy for the nanocrystals with a certain size.We report the nanocrystalsize dependent acoustic phonons confined in CuCl nanocrystals by using the PSHB phenomena.The size-dependent energy-intervals between zero-phonon lines and phonon sidebands in the hole-burning spectra almost coincide with the calculated energies of confined acoustic phonons in nanometer-size elastic spheres.We conclude that the phonon sidebands are due to confined acoustic phonons in CuCl nanocrystals.The observed confined acoustic
Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) has attracted much attention due not only to its usefulness in site-selective spectroscopy but also to its applicability to wavelength multiplexed optical memory in the future.1) Though the application is still far from realization, potentially 103 times higher storage density would be attainable. Technological breakthrough is largely concerned with the issue of optimizing the storage materials. For the formation of persistent holes, the existence of both photoreactive centers and a solid matrix is essential, hence the comprehension of intramolecular and intermolecular electron-phonon interaction is of great importance. We have already proposed one working hypothesis, which, derived mainly from the experiments related to the intermolecular interactions, emphasizes the possibility of controlling the mesoscopic structure of the materials.2-4)
Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) is a new method in the laser spectroscopy of solids. This method is based on the existence of zero-phonon lines in the spectra of light-absorbing species, such as impurities (molecules, ions, etc.) or color centers in crystalline or amorphous materials. This chapter describes the electric field effects on persistent spectral holes and in particular special applications in electrooptics and photonics. It demonstrates that PSHB is useful not only for digital processes, such as data storage in the electric field domain, but also for analog processes concerning, in particular, the modulation and pulse forming of laser beams and hybrid optical bistability. The chapter also discusses the future prospects of the possible applications of PSHB and electric field effects. For future possible applications involving PSHB techniques in everyday appliances, it is important to provide room-temperature operation.