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arXiv:2604.07087

Quantum coherent transceivers toward Holevo-limited communications

Volkan Gurses, Suraj Samaga, Elianna Kondylis, Ali Hajimiri

quant-pheess.SPphysics.app-phphysics.opticsSubmitted Apr 8, 2026• Announced Apr 9, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

The Holevo limit bounds the channel capacity of a communication channel in which information is encoded in quantum states in a Hilbert space at the transmitter and decoded using quantum measurements at the receiver. Saturating the Holevo limit requires quantum-limited transceivers that either generate quantum states of light or employ quantum-limited measurements. Here, we demonstrate an integrated photonic-electronic quantum-limited coherent receiver (QRX) achieving 14.0 dB shot noise clearance (SNC), 520 $μ$W knee power, 2.57 GHz 3-dB bandwidth, 3.50 GHz shot-noise-limited bandwidth, and 90.2 dB common-mode rejection ratio ($\mathrm{CMRR}$). We scale this design to a 32-channel QRX array with median 26.6 dB $\mathrm{SNC}$, and automatic $\mathrm{CMRR}$ correction yielding a median 76.8 dB $\mathrm{CMRR}$ at minimum. Using the integrated QRX and fiber-optic transmitter, we measure $0.15\pm0.01$ dB of squeezing below the shot noise limit, limited by off-chip losses. We propose a squeezed light communication scheme that can surpass the Shannon limit, with a path toward the Holevo limit.

Comments
17 pages, 6 figures

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The Holevo limit bounds the channel capacity of a communication channel in which information is encoded in quantum states in a Hilbert space at the transmitter and decoded using quantum measurements at the receiver. Saturating the Holevo limit requires quantum-limited transceivers that either generate quantum states of light or employ quantum-limited measurements. Here, we demonstrate an integrated photonic-electronic quantum-limited coherent receiver (QRX) achieving 14.0 dB shot noise clearance (SNC), 520 μμμW knee power, 2.57 GHz 3-dB bandwidth, 3.50 GHz shot-noise-limited bandwidth, and 90.2 dB common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR\mathrm{CMRR}CMRR). We scale this design to a 32-channel QRX array with median 26.6 dB SNC\mathrm{SNC}SNC, and automatic CMRR\mathrm{CMRR}CMRR correction yielding a median 76.8 dB CMRR\mathrm{CMRR}CMRR at minimum. Using the integrated QRX and fiber-optic transmitter, we measure 0.15±0.010.15\pm0.010.15±0.01 dB of squeezing below the shot noise limit, limited by off-chip losses. We propose a squeezed light communication scheme that can surpass the Shannon limit, with a path toward the Holevo limit.
An important practical open question has been to design explicit, structured optical receivers that achieve the Holevo limit in the contexts of optical communication and “quantum reading.” The Holevo limit is an achievable rate that is higher than the Shannon limit of any known optical receiver. We demonstrate how a sequential decoding approach can achieve the Holevo limit for both of these settings. A crucial part of our scheme for both settings is a non-destructive “vacuum-or-not” measurement that projects an n-symbol modulated codeword onto the n-fold vacuum state or its orthogonal complement, such that the post-measurement state is either the n-fold vacuum or has the vacuum removed from the support of the n symbols' joint quantum state. The sequential decoder for optical communication requires the additional ability to perform multimode optical phase-space displacements - realizable using a beamsplitter and a laser, while the sequential decoder for quantum reading also requires the ability to perform phase-shifting (realizable using a phase plate) and online squeezing (a phase-sensitive amplifier).
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The rapid development of continuous-variable quantum communication has driven an increasing demand for high-performance quantum signal processing modules. Among these, the balanced homodyne detector (BHD) has emerged as a leading solution for practical quantum state measurement due to its capability to provide complete quantum mechanical characterization. However, its performance is often constrained by limited bandwidth and high noise levels, primarily due to the reliance on bulk optical components and discrete receiver electronics. The dominant noise source in these systems typically stems from electronic noise, while imbalances in the optical path further degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the BHD. In this work, we present an adjustable integrated optical path to enhance the balance within the BHD system, along with a low-noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) by employing optoelectronic co-design. Our design achieves a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz, an input-referred noise current of only 2 pA/√Hz in 180 nm CMOS technology, and a measured quantum shot noise clearance of 15 dB generated from a 700 μA photocurrent. This is the maximum quantum shot noise clearance at the same BHD photocurrent reported to date above the GHz bandwidth.