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arXiv:2604.05325

Noise is not always detrimental: the capacity of quantum batteries is enhanced in black holes

Xukun Wang, Xiaofen Huang, Zhihao Ma, Shao-Ming Fei, Tinggui Zhang

quant-phSubmitted Apr 7, 2026• Announced Apr 8, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Jul 2, 2026 (v2)

v1 · Apr 7, 2026 v2 · Jul 2, 2026

Abstract

Quantum battery capacity, as a critical metric for quantifying energy storage and release in quantum systems, exhibits complex behaviors in curved spacetime and noisy environments. This study focuses on bipartite mixed state, aiming to explore the modulation of quantum battery capacity by Hawking radiation and environmental noise. We find a counterintuitive phenomenon that Hawking radiation can enhance battery capacity, exerting a positive influence on energy storage, a result that stands in stark contrast to the detrimental effects typically associated with entanglement and coherence. When a quantum battery is simultaneously subjected to environmental noise and Hawking radiation, its capacity generally degrades, with the extent of degradation depending on the type of noise. The charging and discharging behaviors largely follow the same patterns observed in the noiseless scenario; however, under a bit flip channel with strong noise intensity, the charging-discharging pattern reverses. In the extreme case of maximum noise intensity, the capacity of the quantum battery under depolarizing noise tends to zero. The underlying physical mechanism lies in the fact that the bit flip channel disrupts the original population distribution of energy levels, thereby altering the average energy of the system and establishing a perturbative environment for bidirectional energy exchange. This differs fundamentally from the phase flip channel. These findings offer a new perspective for the theory of quantum batteries in noninertial reference frames.

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We investigate the performance of a quantum battery exposed to local Markovian and non-Markovian dephasing noises. The battery is initially prepared as the ground state of a one-dimensional transverse

XY

model with open boundary condition and is charged (discharged) via interactions with local bosonic reservoirs. We show that in the transient regime, the quantum battery (QB) can store energy faster and has a higher maximum extractable work, quantified via ergotropy, when it is affected by local phase-flip or bit-flip Markovian noise compared to the case when there is no noise in the system. In both the charging and discharging processes, we report the enhancement in work output as well as in ergotropy when all the spins are affected by a non-Markovian Ohmic bath in both the transient and the steady-state regimes, thereby showing a counterintuitive advantage of decoherence in the QB. In both Markovian and non-Markovian cases, we identify the system parameters and the corresponding noise models which lead to maximum enhancement of work output and ergotropy. Moreover, we show that the benefit due to noise persists even with the initial state being prepared at a moderate temperature.

Abstract Pauli noise, typically represented by Pauli operators ( X , Y , Z ), is a prevalent type of disturbance in quantum batteries. Its primary characteristic is inducing quantum state flips, which significantly interfere with the charging and discharging processes, as well as the energy storage capacity of the battery. This paper investigates the impact of local Pauli noise on regulating battery capacity in a quantum battery composed of a tripartite quantum system. Specifically, we analyze the variation trends of battery capacity under the influence of noise for three-qubit Bell-diagonal states and X-states. Furthermore, we derive the minimum value of the maximum ergotropy under the effect of local Pauli noise.

Abstract Quantum batteries utilize quantum effects to enhance energy storage and work extraction quantified by ergotropy. However, degradation of stored energy due to environmental noise remains a key limitation. For a single qubit, we show that repeated amplitude damping and bit-flip noises lead to ergotropy loss, while repeated phase-flip noise permits partial preservation of work. Extending this protocol to a two-qubit Heisenberg XYZ system with Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction (DMI), we find that strong DMI widens the energy gap and stabilizes chiral correlations. Therefore, ergotropy persists in DMI-dominated regimes for coherent initial states, demonstrating that chiral spin interactions serve as a microscopic resource for noise-resilient quantum batteries.

To characterize the effect of Hawking radiation induced by the quantum atmosphere beyond the event horizon on entanglement, we employ concurrence as the entanglement measure for a bipartite mixed state and investigate its evolution with Hawking temperature. We find that the physically accessible concurrence decreases as the Hawking acceleration increases, whereas the physically inaccessible concurrence exhibits the opposite behavior, increasing monotonically from zero. We further establish several trade-off relations on concurrence, revealing its distribution between physically accessible and inaccessible regions. Additionally, we study the dynamics of concurrence under three types of channel noise. The results indicate that the evolution of concurrence depends on the specific noise channel: unlike the phase damping channel, sudden death of concurrence occurs in both phase flip and bit flip channels, the concurrence exhibits a certain symmetry with respect to the noise parameter during its evolution under bit flip channel noise.

We investigate the global and local performances of a quantum battery exposed to the depolarizing and bit-flip channels, respectively, using the correlation matrix method. The battery is initially prepared as the highest-energy state of a two-qubit Ising model with open boundary conditions and is discharged via interaction with local noise channels. We show that compared to the independent noise channels, the correlated noise channels provide varying degrees of protection for the global and local performances of the Ising battery. The correlated depolarizing channel not only protects the global energy, ergotropy, and capacity of the Ising battery, but also protects the local ergotropy and capacity, whereas the correlated bit-flip channel provides protection only for the global ergotropy and capacity of the Ising battery. In both the correlated depolarizing and bit-flip channels, the greater the correlation strength, the greater the protective effect. Furthermore, we also use the same method to investigate the protective effect of correlated channels on the performances of the multiqubit battery and general Heisenberg battery in noise channels.