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arXiv:2511.12138

Application of optical squeezing to microresonator based optical sensors

Dariya Salykina, Daniil Shakhbaziants, Igor Bilenko, Farid Khalili

quant-phSubmitted Nov 15, 2025• Announced Nov 18, 2025• 0 citations
v1 · Nov 15, 2025v2 · Jul 9, 2026
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Abstract

High-Q optical microresonators combine low losses and high optical energy concentration in a small effective mode volume, making them an attractive platform for optical sensors. While light is confined in the microresonator by total internal reflection, a portion of the optical field, known as the evanescent field, extends outside. This makes the mode's resonant frequency sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment. In this work, we explore the quantum sensitivity limits of this type of sensors. We demonstrate that by preparing the probe light in a squeezed quantum state, it is possible to surpass the shot-noise limit. The resulting sensitivity is constrained only by optical losses and the available degree of squeezing. The influence of the losses can be reduced using additional squeezing of the light inside the microresonator.

Comments
9 pages, 2 figures

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High-Q optical microresonators combine low losses and high optical energy concentration in a small effective mode volume, making them an attractive platform for optical sensors. While light is confined in the microresonator by total internal reflection, a portion of the optical field, known as the evanescent field, extends outside. This makes the mode's resonant frequency sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment.
In this work, we explore the quantum sensitivity limits of this type of sensors. We demonstrate that by preparing the probe light in a squeezed quantum state, it is possible to surpass the shot-noise limit. The resulting sensitivity is constrained only by optical losses and the available degree of squeezing. The influence of the losses can be reduced using additional squeezing of the light inside the microresonator.
In Ref. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 053708], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in the optical microresonator, pre-squeezing of the probe beam, and its parametric amplification before the detection, was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that the main factor that limits the sensitivity of the considered scheme is the interplay of optical losses and the non-linear self-phase modulation (SPM) effect. Here we show that using the intracavity squeezing of the probe beam in this scheme, it is possible to cancel out the SPM effect. In this case, the sensitivity will be limited only by the available power in the pump beam and by the input/output losses in the signal beam. Our estimates show, that using the best optical microresonators currently available, the single-photon sensitivity for the intracavity photon number can be achieved. Therefore, this scheme could be of interest for optical quantum information processing tasks.
In the work by Balybin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 053708 (2023)], the scheme of quantum nondemolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in the optical microresonator, presqueezing of the probe beam, and its parametric amplification before the detection was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that the main factor that limits the sensitivity of the considered scheme is the interplay of optical losses and the nonlinear self-phase modulation (SPM) effect. Here we show that using the intracavity squeezing of the probe beam in this scheme, it is possible to cancel out the SPM effect. In this case, the sensitivity will be limited only by the available power in the pump beam and by the input/output losses in the signal beam. Our estimates show that using the best optical microresonators currently available, the sensitivity for the intracavity photon number approaching the single-photon one can be achieved. Therefore, this scheme could be of interest for optical quantum information processing tasks.
Quantum optical sensors are ubiquitous in various fields of research, from biological or medical sensors to large-scale experiments searching for dark matter or gravitational waves. Gravitational-wave detectors have been very successful in implementing cavities and quantum squeezed light for enhancing sensitivity to signals from black hole or neutron star mergers. However, the sensitivity to weak forces is limited by the available energy and the optical decoherence in the system. Here, we derive the fundamental sensitivity limit of cavity- and squeezed-light-enhanced interferometers with optical loss. This limit is attained by the optimal use of an additional internal squeeze operation, which allows the mitigation of readout loss. We demonstrate the application of internal squeezing to various scenarios and confirm that it indeed allows one to reach the best sensitivity in cavity- and squeezed-light-enhanced linear force sensors. Our work establishes the groundwork for the future development of optimal sensors in real-world scenarios where, up until now, the application of squeezed light was curtailed by various sources of decoherence.
In ref [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using the modern high-Q microresonators, it is possible to achieve the sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show, that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the anti-squeezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows to generate and verify multi-photon non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for the quantum information processing tasks.
Quantum interferometric sensing plays a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including quantum metrology, quantum imaging, and quantum lithography, where minute phase shifts carry valuable physical information. The strength of quantum sensing lies in surpassing classical sensitivity limits, particularly through the use of quantum correlations and squeezing to suppress optical shot noise. Birefringence sensing is crucial for various applications, as it provides detailed information about the material's structure, stress, composition, and environmental conditions. We present an interferometric scheme for detecting unknown small birefringence beyond the shot-noise limit of sensitivity that leverages the hyper-squeezing (squeezed in both number-phase and polarization correlations) within a pair of polarized nonlinear SU(1,1) interferometers, coupled by the birefringence. Specifically, two pairs of crossed-polarization nonlinear media, both generate and measure two-mode quantum light that is squeezed and polarization-entangled. We present a complete theoretical analysis of the interferometer's sensitivity to small birefringence under realistic conditions of gain and internal loss, illuminating the potential for enhancement of the sensitivity by 3-15dB in practical, real-world experiments (the exact achievable enhancement is governed solely by the loss).