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arXiv:2210.00857

Improving Kerr QND measurement sensitivity via squeezed light

Stepan N. Balybin, Dariya Salykina, Khalili, Farid Ya.

Published Oct 3, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

In ref [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using the modern high-Q microresonators, it is possible to achieve the sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show, that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the anti-squeezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows to generate and verify multi-photon non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for the quantum information processing tasks.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2210.00857

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In ref [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using the modern high-Q microresonators, it is possible to achieve the sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show, that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the anti-squeezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows to generate and verify multi-photon non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for the quantum information processing tasks.
In S. N. Balybin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720 (2022)] the scheme of quantum nondemolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using modern high-QQQ microresonators, it is possible to achieve sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the antisqueezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows us to generate and verify multiphoton non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for quantum information processing tasks.
In Ref. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 053708], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in the optical microresonator, pre-squeezing of the probe beam, and its parametric amplification before the detection, was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that the main factor that limits the sensitivity of the considered scheme is the interplay of optical losses and the non-linear self-phase modulation (SPM) effect. Here we show that using the intracavity squeezing of the probe beam in this scheme, it is possible to cancel out the SPM effect. In this case, the sensitivity will be limited only by the available power in the pump beam and by the input/output losses in the signal beam. Our estimates show, that using the best optical microresonators currently available, the single-photon sensitivity for the intracavity photon number can be achieved. Therefore, this scheme could be of interest for optical quantum information processing tasks.
In the work by Balybin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 053708 (2023)], the scheme of quantum nondemolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in the optical microresonator, presqueezing of the probe beam, and its parametric amplification before the detection was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that the main factor that limits the sensitivity of the considered scheme is the interplay of optical losses and the nonlinear self-phase modulation (SPM) effect. Here we show that using the intracavity squeezing of the probe beam in this scheme, it is possible to cancel out the SPM effect. In this case, the sensitivity will be limited only by the available power in the pump beam and by the input/output losses in the signal beam. Our estimates show that using the best optical microresonators currently available, the sensitivity for the intracavity photon number approaching the single-photon one can be achieved. Therefore, this scheme could be of interest for optical quantum information processing tasks.
High-Q optical microresonators combine low losses and high optical energy concentration in a small effective mode volume, making them an attractive platform for optical sensors. While light is confined in the microresonator by total internal reflection, a portion of the optical field, known as the evanescent field, extends outside. This makes the mode's resonant frequency sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment. In this work, we explore the quantum sensitivity limits of this type of sensors. We show that using the intracavity squeezing of the light in the microresonator, it is possible to suppress the influence of the optical losses and cancel the undesirable self phase modulation effect, originating from the cubic non-linearity of the microresonators media. As a result, the sensitivity surpassing the shot noise limit can be achieved. An additional sensitivity gain can be obtained by preparing the input light in a squeezed quantum state.
Squeezed states of light enable enhanced measurement precision by reducing noise below the standard quantum limit. A key application of squeezed light is nonlinear microscopy, where state-of-the-art performance is limited by photodamage and quantum-limited noise. Such microscopes require bright, pulsed light for optimal operation, yet generating and detecting bright pulsed squeezing at high levels remains challenging. In this work, we present an efficient technique to generate high levels of bright picosecond pulsed squeezed light using a χ2χ^2χ2 optical parametric amplification process in a waveguide. We measure −3.2 dB-3.2~\mathrm{dB}−3.2 dB of bright squeezing with optical power compatible with nonlinear microscopy, as well as −3.6 dB-3.6~\mathrm{dB}−3.6 dB of vacuum squeezing. Corrected for losses, these squeezing levels correspond to −15.4−8.7+2.7 dB-15.4^{+2.7}_{-8.7}~\mathrm{dB}−15.4−8.7+2.7​ dB of squeezing generated in the waveguide. The measured level of bright amplitude pulsed squeezing is to our knowledge the highest reported to date, and will contribute to the broader adoption of quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy in biological studies.
Quantum non-Gaussian gate is a missing piece to the realization of continuous-variable universal quantum operations in an optical system. In a measurement-based implementation of the cubic phase gate, a lowest-order non-Gaussian gate, non-Gaussian ancillary states that have a property we call nonlinear squeezing are required. This property, however, has never been experimentally verified. In this paper, we generate a superposition between a vacuum state and a single-photon state whose nonlinear squeezing is maximized by the optimization of the superposition coefficients. The nonlinear squeezing is observed via real-time quadrature measurements, meaning that the generated states are compatible with real-time feedforward and are suitable as ancillary states for the cubic phase gate in the time domain. Moreover, by increasing the number of photons, it is expected that nonlinear squeezing can be further improved. The idea presented here can be readily extended to higher-order phase gates [P. Marek et al., Phys. Rev. A 97, 022329 (2018)]. As such, this work presents an important step to extend continuous-variable quantum information processing from Gaussian regime to non-Gaussian regime.