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Physical Review A

Improving the sensitivity of Kerr quantum nondemolition measurement via squeezed light

Stepan N. Balybin, Dariya Salykina, Farid Ya Khalili

Published Nov 13, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In S. N. Balybin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720 (2022)] the scheme of quantum nondemolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using modern high-$Q$ microresonators, it is possible to achieve sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the antisqueezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows us to generate and verify multiphoton non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for quantum information processing tasks.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.108.053708

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In S. N. Balybin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720 (2022)] the scheme of quantum nondemolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using modern high-QQQ microresonators, it is possible to achieve sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the antisqueezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows us to generate and verify multiphoton non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for quantum information processing tasks.
In ref [Phys. Rev. A 106, 013720], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in optical microresonators was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that using the modern high-Q microresonators, it is possible to achieve the sensitivity several times better than the standard quantum limit. Here we propose and analyze in detail a significantly improved version of that scheme. We show, that by using a squeezed quantum state of the probe beam and the anti-squeezing (parametric amplification) of this beam at the output of the microresonator, it is possible to reduce the measurement imprecision by about one order of magnitude. The resulting sensitivity allows to generate and verify multi-photon non-Gaussian quantum states of light, making the scheme considered here interesting for the quantum information processing tasks.
In the work by Balybin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 053708 (2023)], the scheme of quantum nondemolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in the optical microresonator, presqueezing of the probe beam, and its parametric amplification before the detection was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that the main factor that limits the sensitivity of the considered scheme is the interplay of optical losses and the nonlinear self-phase modulation (SPM) effect. Here we show that using the intracavity squeezing of the probe beam in this scheme, it is possible to cancel out the SPM effect. In this case, the sensitivity will be limited only by the available power in the pump beam and by the input/output losses in the signal beam. Our estimates show that using the best optical microresonators currently available, the sensitivity for the intracavity photon number approaching the single-photon one can be achieved. Therefore, this scheme could be of interest for optical quantum information processing tasks.
In Ref. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 053708], the scheme of quantum non-demolition measurement of optical quanta that uses a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in the optical microresonator, pre-squeezing of the probe beam, and its parametric amplification before the detection, was analyzed theoretically. It was shown that the main factor that limits the sensitivity of the considered scheme is the interplay of optical losses and the non-linear self-phase modulation (SPM) effect. Here we show that using the intracavity squeezing of the probe beam in this scheme, it is possible to cancel out the SPM effect. In this case, the sensitivity will be limited only by the available power in the pump beam and by the input/output losses in the signal beam. Our estimates show, that using the best optical microresonators currently available, the single-photon sensitivity for the intracavity photon number can be achieved. Therefore, this scheme could be of interest for optical quantum information processing tasks.
Squeezed states of the electromagnetic field are characterized by a reduction of fluctuations for one of two quadrature phase amplitudes below the level of fluctuations for the vacuum state. This reduction is a manifestly quantum or nonclassical feature which is of great interest in its own right but also potentially important for precision measurement with sensitivity beyond the shot-noise or vacuum-state limit. We describe three different experiments in which squeezed light has been generated in our laboratory involving parametric downconversion, intracavity frequency doubling, and optical bistability with two-state atoms. By employing the squeezed light produced by a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator, we have achieved improvements in sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit for the detection of both phase and amplitude changes of the electromagnetic field. An alternate route to sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit is through quantum nondemolition measurement, where we have suggested and are implementing a scheme involving parametric conversion and polarization mixing.
Squeezed states of light enable enhanced measurement precision by reducing noise below the standard quantum limit. A key application of squeezed light is nonlinear microscopy, where state-of-the-art performance is limited by photodamage and quantum-limited noise. Such microscopes require bright, pulsed light for optimal operation, yet generating and detecting bright pulsed squeezing at high levels remains challenging. In this work, we present an efficient technique to generate high levels of bright picosecond pulsed squeezed light using a χ2χ^2χ2 optical parametric amplification process in a waveguide. We measure −3.2 dB-3.2~\mathrm{dB}−3.2 dB of bright squeezing with optical power compatible with nonlinear microscopy, as well as −3.6 dB-3.6~\mathrm{dB}−3.6 dB of vacuum squeezing. Corrected for losses, these squeezing levels correspond to −15.4−8.7+2.7 dB-15.4^{+2.7}_{-8.7}~\mathrm{dB}−15.4−8.7+2.7​ dB of squeezing generated in the waveguide. The measured level of bright amplitude pulsed squeezing is to our knowledge the highest reported to date, and will contribute to the broader adoption of quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy in biological studies.
We analyze schemes for performing quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements in optical cavities. We consider three schemes: (1) measurement of a quadrature phase amplitude using a parametric process, (2) measurement of a quadrature phase amplitude using the optical Kerr effect in a nonlinear fiber, and (3) measurement of the photon number also using the Kerr effect in a fiber. We show that in the second scheme an enhancement of the QND effect may be obtained by making the cavity finesse for the signal larger than that for the probe.