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arXiv:2412.09208 · Physical Review A

Quantum correlations via vector soliton interactions

Andrey Ivanovich Konyukhov

Published Jan 9, 2025• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum correlations play a prominent role in numerous applications, from quantum communications and networking to enhanced sensing. I propose using optical soliton splitting and inelastic soliton collision to generate pulse pairs with highly correlated photon number fluctuations. The fluctuations are studied using the linearized quantum fluctuation theory of vector solitons. I show that the interpulse correlations arise in the process of inelastic soliton interactions initiated by the polarization mode dispersion and modulation of the fiber dispersion. The inelastic soliton interactions produce pulses with highly correlated quantum fluctuations in the orthogonal polarization components of the field. In the time domain, the pulses have a four-lobe correlation pattern. In the frequency domain, the correlation functions acquire a ``checkerboard'' structure with alternating positive and negative regions. Correlations between the separated pulses arise only with appropriate pulse width, group velocity dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion. The generation of pulses with high intrapulse correlations offers the possibility of producing entangled sources for continuous-variable quantum communication and computation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.111.013508

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Quantum correlations play a prominent role in numerous applications, from quantum communications and networking to enhanced sensing. I propose using optical soliton splitting and inelastic soliton collision to generate pulse pairs with highly correlated photon number fluctuations. The fluctuations are studied using the linearized quantum fluctuation theory of vector solitons. I show that the interpulse correlations arise in the process of inelastic soliton interactions initiated by the polarization mode dispersion and modulation of the fiber dispersion. The inelastic soliton interactions produce pulses with highly correlated quantum fluctuations in the orthogonal polarization components of the field. In the time domain, the pulses have a four-lobe correlation pattern. In the frequency domain, the correlation functions acquire a ``checkerboard'' structure with alternating positive and negative regions. Correlations between the separated pulses arise only with appropriate pulse width, group velocity dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion. The generation of pulses with high intrapulse correlations offers the possibility of producing entangled sources for continuous-variable quantum communication and computation.
Abstract We propose a new approach to generate quantum-correlated pulse pairs using fission of chirped Manakov solitons. Quantum correlations are studied using linearized quantum fluctuation theory. The fission of chirped solitons produces both intra-pulse and inter-pulse high-level correlations. We found that the collision of vector solitons induces nonzero correlations in orthogonal polarization components of the pulse field. The fission of solitons and subsequent collision of the resulting pulses allow a pulse train with complex correlation pattern to be produced. The generation of pulses with correlated quantum fluctuations offers the possibility of engineering new entangled sources for continuous-variable quantum communication and computation.
Two simple schemes for generating macroscopic (many-photon) continuous-variable entangled states by means of continuous interactions (rather than collisions) between solitons in optical fibers are proposed. First, quantum fluctuations around two time-separated single-component temporal solitons are considered. Almost perfect correlation between the photon-number fluctuations can be achieved after passing a certain distance, with a suitable initial separation between the solitons. The photon-number correlation can also be achieved in a pair of vectorial solitons with two polarization components. In the latter case, the photon-number-entangled pulses can be easily separated by a polarization beam splitter. These results offer possibilities to produce entangled sources for quantum communication and computation.
Abstract We consider the squeezing and correlation of quantum fluctuations in pulse pairs arising due to soliton fission in dispersion oscillating fibers. The dispersion oscillation acts as a time-domain pulse splitter. After the split, the pulses interact via their tails and acquire nonzero correlations. We analyze the correlation pattern using Karhunen–Loève mode expansion. The regime of high intrapulse and interpulse correlations can be described using single Karhunen–Loève mode. The regime with partial pulse-to-pulse correlation requires to take into account at least two Karhunen–Loève modes. We found that the soliton fission in dispersion oscillating fibers allows to generate squeezed states with highly correlated fluctuations in the output pulses.
We consider soliton fission in a dispersion oscillating fiber. The second-order soliton splits into two identical pulses propagating at different group velocities. Using a back–propagation method we calculate photon-number correlation and squeezing ratio for photon-number fluctuations. With the appropriate modulation period, the correlation function reaches maximum values directly after the split of the soliton and maintains with the further propagation of the pulses. The squeezing ratio increases with the pulse propagation length. Dispersion oscillating fibers offer the possibility of producing entangled sources for quantum communication and computation.
The multimode quantum fluctuations of colliding solitons are investigated. Strong mutual quantum correlations appear in their intensity spectrum as the solitons approach each other in the collision. The leaving solitons erase the interpulse correlations. These transient correlations are induced by cross phase modulation, whereas the intrapulse correlations are due to self phase modulation. As a possible application a direct detection quantum-nondemolition (QND) measurement of the photon number is proposed. It shows a performance better than a collision induced phase-shift QND measurement.
Intrapulse quantum spectral correlation of photon numbers of a femtosecond optical pulse, which propagates a 5-m-long optical fiber, is presented in a matrix format for quantum noise study by numerical calculation. The calculation includes the higher-order optical effects such as intrapulse-stimulated Raman scattering and self-steepening effects, as well as self-phase modulation and group velocity dispersion. The quantum correlations between spectral components (spectral resolution of 0.7 nm) which evolve with the pulse energy are provided in a matrix format at soliton orders including the low orders, N=0.1N=0.1N=0.1 to 1.0 (a 0.1 step), to give the detailed properties of spectral correlation evolutions in the matrix format. It is shown that the photon-number correlations between spectral components near the pulse spectrum center form strong correlations of a square shape in the matrix, at a soliton order NNN ($\ensuremath{\le}$0.4), and then are redistributed into those between spectral components near the spectrum wings such that the cross-shaped correlation pattern in the matrix begin to be visible at N=0.5N=0.5N=0.5 before their further redistribution as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1.0$. In addition, significant anticorrelations can be increasingly extended to be found between spectral components near the spectrum center as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1.0$, leading to the expectation that the degree of photon-number squeezing by spectral filtering for subsolitons can be lower than that for solitons. Intrapulse-stimulated Raman scattering that starts to become visible at around N=0.6N=0.6N=0.6 produces an asymmetric correlation structure with respect to the spectrum center in the correlation matrices while the relevant pulse self-frequency shift becomes visible at $N\ensuremath{\ge}0.8$. The calculation presented indicates that the measurement of nonlinear effects which are not detectable distinctly at the classical level is possible at the quantum level.