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arXiv:quant-ph/0405138 · Physical Review A

Generation of photon-number-entangled soliton pairs through interactions

Ray‐Kuang Lee, Yinchieh Lai, Boris A. Malomed

Published Jan 21, 2005• 19 citations
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Abstract

Two simple schemes for generating macroscopic (many-photon) continuous-variable entangled states by means of continuous interactions (rather than collisions) between solitons in optical fibers are proposed. First, quantum fluctuations around two time-separated single-component temporal solitons are considered. Almost perfect correlation between the photon-number fluctuations can be achieved after passing a certain distance, with a suitable initial separation between the solitons. The photon-number correlation can also be achieved in a pair of vectorial solitons with two polarization components. In the latter case, the photon-number-entangled pulses can be easily separated by a polarization beam splitter. These results offer possibilities to produce entangled sources for quantum communication and computation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.71.013816

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Two simple schemes for generating macroscopic (many-photon) continuous-variable entangled states by means of continuous interactions (rather than collisions) between solitons in optical fibers are proposed. First, quantum fluctuations around two time-separated single-component temporal solitons are considered. Almost perfect correlation between the photon-number fluctuations can be achieved after passing a certain distance, with a suitable initial separation between the solitons. The photon-number correlation can also be achieved in a pair of vectorial solitons with two polarization components. In the latter case, the photon-number-entangled pulses can be easily separated by a polarization beam splitter. These results offer possibilities to produce entangled sources for quantum communication and computation.
Quantum correlations play a prominent role in numerous applications, from quantum communications and networking to enhanced sensing. I propose using optical soliton splitting and inelastic soliton collision to generate pulse pairs with highly correlated photon number fluctuations. The fluctuations are studied using the linearized quantum fluctuation theory of vector solitons. I show that the interpulse correlations arise in the process of inelastic soliton interactions initiated by the polarization mode dispersion and modulation of the fiber dispersion. The inelastic soliton interactions produce pulses with highly correlated quantum fluctuations in the orthogonal polarization components of the field. In the time domain, the pulses have a four-lobe correlation pattern. In the frequency domain, the correlation functions acquire a ``checkerboard'' structure with alternating positive and negative regions. Correlations between the separated pulses arise only with appropriate pulse width, group velocity dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion. The generation of pulses with high intrapulse correlations offers the possibility of producing entangled sources for continuous-variable quantum communication and computation.
We study a different scheme for generating photon number correlation and squeezing for two copropagating pulses, a soliton and a trapped pulse, in an optical fiber. When the center wavelength of a trapped pulse is close to that of a soliton pulse, the two pulses interact with each other through the third-order optical nonlinear process and exchange photons between the two pulses. The soliton pulse exhibits photon number squeezing. When the center wavelengths of the two pulses are sufficiently separated and no photon-number exchange takes place, the strong negative correlation in the photon number between the parts of the trapped pulse and the soliton pulse is formed via cross-phase modulation. By measuring the photon number of the negatively correlated part of the trapped pulse, we can obtain the photon number of the soliton pulse with a variance less than the shot-noise limit.
We consider soliton fission in a dispersion oscillating fiber. The second-order soliton splits into two identical pulses propagating at different group velocities. Using a back–propagation method we calculate photon-number correlation and squeezing ratio for photon-number fluctuations. With the appropriate modulation period, the correlation function reaches maximum values directly after the split of the soliton and maintains with the further propagation of the pulses. The squeezing ratio increases with the pulse propagation length. Dispersion oscillating fibers offer the possibility of producing entangled sources for quantum communication and computation.
The controlled interaction between a single, trapped, laser-driven atom and the mode of a high-finesse optical cavity allows for the generation of temporally separated, entangled light pulses. Entanglement between the photon-number fluctuations of the pulses is created and mediated via the atomic center-of-mass motion, which is interfaced with light through the mechanical effect of atom–photon interaction. By means of a quantum noise analysis we determine the correlation matrix which characterizes the entanglement as a function of the system parameters. The scheme is feasible in experimentally accessible parameter regimes. It may be easily extended to the generation of entangled pulses at different frequencies, even at vastly different wavelengths.
Quantum correlations in pairs and arrays (trains) of bound solitons modeled by the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) are calculated numerically, on the basis of linearized equations for quantum fluctuations. We find strong correlations between the bound solitons, even though the system is dissipative. Some degree of the correlation between the photon-number fluctuations of stable bound soliton pairs and trains is attained and saturates after passing a certain distance. The saturation of the photon-number correlations is explained by the action of nonconservative terms in the CGLE. Photon-number-correlated bound soliton trains offer possibilities to produce multipartite entangled sources for quantum communication and computation.