Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2411.14782 · Physical Review Research

Collective mode across the BCS-BEC crossover in Holstein model

Tae-Ho Park, Han-Yong Choi

Published Dec 9, 2024• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We investigate the emergence of the collective mode in the phonon spectra of the superconducting state within the Holstein model by varying the electron-phonon coupling. Using dynamical mean field theory combined with the numerical renormalization group technique, we calculate the phonon spectra. In the superconducting state with a pairing gap ( Δ P ), the peak position of the collective mode ( ω col ) evolves from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) regime, manifesting near 2 Δ P and increasing with coupling, to the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) regime, where ω col decreases with increasing coupling. The decrease of ω col matches well with the reduction of superfluid stiffness, which originates from the increasing phase fluctuations of local pairs with coupling strength. In the crossover regime with intermediate coupling, ω col aligns with the soft phonon mode ( ω s ) of the normal state and decreases with increasing coupling when ω s < 2 Δ P . Additionally, comparing the collective mode weight to Δ P suggests that the collective mode predominantly stems from U(1) gauge symmetry breaking across all coupling strengths. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l042059

Related papers

Dynamical effects on superconductivity in a BCS-BEC crossover: Dynamical mean field theory and numerical renormalization group study of the Holstein model in infinite dimensions

Tae-Ho Park, Han-Yong Choi

We investigate the dynamical effects of pairing interaction on superconductivity in BCS-BEC crossover by studying the Holstein model at half filling where the electron-phonon coupling $g$ controls the crossover. The dynamical mean-field theory was employed in combination with the numerical renormalization group technique to study the frequency dependence of phonon mediated interaction between electrons in a superconductive state. The frequency dependence induces distinct features such as the absence of the dispersion back bending of Bogoliubov quasiparticles, nonmonotonous coupling dependence of the pairing gap, and the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ being maximum at ${g}_{c1}$, the lower critical coupling of the normal state insulator to metal transition. Some of these features have intriguing similarities with the recent observations in the ${\mathrm{FeSe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}}_{x}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1+y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ iron chalcogenides in the BCS-BEC crossover.

arXiv:1812.11698•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•May 6, 2019•4 citations

Pair excitations, collective modes, and gauge invariance in the BCS–Bose-Einstein crossover scenario

Ioan Kosztin, Qijin Chen, Ying-Jer Kao +1 more

In this paper we study the BCS Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover scenario within the superconducting state, using a T-matrix approach which yields the ground state proposed by Leggett. Here we extend this ground state analysis to finite temperatures T and interpret the resulting physics. We find two types of bosoniclike excitations of the system: long lived, incoherent pair excitations and collective modes of the superconducting order parameter, which have different dynamics. Using a gauge invariant formalism, this paper addresses their contrasting behavior as a function of T and superconducting coupling constant g. At a more physical level, our paper emphasizes how, at finite T, BCS-BEC approaches introduce an important parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}^{2}$ into the description of superconductivity. This parameter is governed by the pair excitations and is associated with particle-hole asymmetry effects that are significant for sufficiently large g. In the fermionic regime, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}}^{2}$ represents the difference between the square of the excitation gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}$ and that of the superconducting order parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}^{2}.$ The parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}}^{2},$ which is necessarily zero in the BCS (mean field) limit increases monotonically with the strength of the attractive interaction g. It follows that there is a significant physical distinction between this BCS-BEC crossover approach (in which g is the essential variable which determines ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}})$ and the widely discussed phase fluctuation scenario in which the plasma frequency is the tuning parameter. Finally, we emphasize that in the strong coupling limit, there are important differences between the composite bosons that arise in crossover theories and the usual bosons of the (interacting) Bose liquid. Because of constraints imposed on the fermionic excitation gap and chemical potential, in crossover theories, the fermionic degrees of freedom can never be fully removed from consideration.

arXiv:cond-mat/9906180•Physical review. B, Condensed matter•May 1, 2000•74 citations

Effect of disorder in BCS–BEC crossover

Ayan Khan, Saurabh Basu, Sang‐Wook Kim

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of weak random disorder in the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer to Bose–Einstein condensation (BCS–BEC) crossover region. The disorder is included in the mean field formalism through Nozières–Smith-Rink (NSR) theory of superconducting fluctuations. A self-consistent numerical solution of the coupled equations involving the superfluid gap parameter and density as a function of the disorder strength, albeit unaffected in the BCS phase, yields a depleted order parameter in the BEC regime and an interesting nonmonotonic behaviour of the condensate fraction in the vicinity of the unitary region, and a gradual depletion thereafter, as the pairing interaction is continuously tuned across the BCS–BEC crossover. The unitary regime thus demonstrates a robust paradigm of superfluidity even when the disorder is introduced. To support the above feature and shed light on a lingering controversial issue, we have computed the behaviour of the sound mode across the crossover that distinctly reveals a suppression of the sound velocity. We also find the Landau critical velocity that shows similar nonmonotonicity as that of the condensate fraction data, thereby supporting a stable superfluid scenario in the unitary limit.

arXiv:1202.5117•Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Jun 7, 2012•6 citations

Collective modes of trapped superfluid Fermi gases in the BCS-BEC crossover beyond the mean-field approximation

Siqin Cao, Yong-li Ma, Guoxiang Huang

A perturbation method is developed for calculating the oscillating frequencies of collective modes of trapped superfluid Fermi gases from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Based on the complete and orthogonal eigenfunction set obtained recently and a series expansion of the equation of state beyond the mean-field approximation, the corrections of eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of all collective modes are given systematically, which are valid for various superfluid regimes in the BCS-BEC crossover beyond the mean-field approximation. Expressions of frequency correction of the collective modes for both spherical and axial symmetric traps excited near the BCS, BEC, and unitarity limits are provided explicitly, and their dependence on interatomic interaction strength and anisotropic trapping parameter is also discussed in detail.

Physical Review A•Jan 23, 2009•13 citations

Frequency shift and mode coupling of the collective modes of superfluid Fermi gases in the BCS-BEC crossover

Yu Long Zhou, Wen Wen, Guoxiang Huang

We investigate the dynamical behavior of large-amplitude collective modes in a superfluid Fermi gas in the crossover from Bardeen--Cooper--Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) based on a hydrodynamic approach. We first solve the superfluid hydrodynamic equations that describe the time evolution of fermionic condensates in the BCS-BEC crossover and calculate explicitly the frequency shifts of the collective modes induced by nonlinear effects using the Lindstedt--Poincar\'e method. The result shows that the frequency shifts display different features in different superfluid regimes. We then study the second-harmonic generation of the collective modes under a phase-matching condition, which can be fulfilled by choosing appropriate parameters of the system. The analytical results obtained are checked by numerical simulations and good agreement is found.

Physical Review B•Mar 25, 2008•17 citations

Goldstone mode and pair-breaking excitations in atomic Fermi superfluids

Sascha Hoinka, Paul Dyke, Marcus Lingham +3 more

Bragg spectroscopy shows the evolution of gapless Goldstone modes and single-particle-like excitations in an atomic Fermi superfluid as it crosses from a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid to the Bose–Einstein condensate regime. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a central paradigm of elementary particle physics1, magnetism2, superfluidity3 and superconductivity4. According to Goldstone’s theorem, phase transitions that break continuous symmetries lead to the existence of gapless excitations in the long-wavelength limit5. These Goldstone modes can become the dominant low-energy excitation, showing that symmetry breaking has a profound impact on the physical properties of matter. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the elementary excitations in a homogeneous strongly interacting Fermi gas through the crossover from a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of molecules using two-photon Bragg spectroscopy. The spectra exhibit a discrete Goldstone mode, associated with the broken-symmetry superfluid phase, as well as pair-breaking single-particle excitations. Our techniques yield a direct determination of the superfluid pairing gap and speed of sound in close agreement with strong-coupling theories.

arXiv:1707.00406•Nature Physics•Jun 26, 2017•106 citations
We investigate the emergence of the collective mode in the phonon spectra of the superconducting state within the Holstein model by varying the electron-phonon coupling. Using dynamical mean field theory combined with the numerical renormalization group technique, we calculate the phonon spectra. In the superconducting state with a pairing gap ( Δ P ), the peak position of the collective mode ( ω col ) evolves from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) regime, manifesting near 2 Δ P and increasing with coupling, to the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) regime, where ω col decreases with increasing coupling. The decrease of ω col matches well with the reduction of superfluid stiffness, which originates from the increasing phase fluctuations of local pairs with coupling strength. In the crossover regime with intermediate coupling, ω col aligns with the soft phonon mode ( ω s ) of the normal state and decreases with increasing coupling when ω s < 2 Δ P . Additionally, comparing the collective mode weight to Δ P suggests that the collective mode predominantly stems from U(1) gauge symmetry breaking across all coupling strengths. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
We investigate the dynamical effects of pairing interaction on superconductivity in BCS-BEC crossover by studying the Holstein model at half filling where the electron-phonon coupling ggg controls the crossover. The dynamical mean-field theory was employed in combination with the numerical renormalization group technique to study the frequency dependence of phonon mediated interaction between electrons in a superconductive state. The frequency dependence induces distinct features such as the absence of the dispersion back bending of Bogoliubov quasiparticles, nonmonotonous coupling dependence of the pairing gap, and the critical temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ being maximum at gc1{g}_{c1}gc1​, the lower critical coupling of the normal state insulator to metal transition. Some of these features have intriguing similarities with the recent observations in the ${\mathrm{FeSe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}}_{x}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1+y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ iron chalcogenides in the BCS-BEC crossover.
In this paper we study the BCS Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover scenario within the superconducting state, using a T-matrix approach which yields the ground state proposed by Leggett. Here we extend this ground state analysis to finite temperatures T and interpret the resulting physics. We find two types of bosoniclike excitations of the system: long lived, incoherent pair excitations and collective modes of the superconducting order parameter, which have different dynamics. Using a gauge invariant formalism, this paper addresses their contrasting behavior as a function of T and superconducting coupling constant g. At a more physical level, our paper emphasizes how, at finite T, BCS-BEC approaches introduce an important parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}^{2}$ into the description of superconductivity. This parameter is governed by the pair excitations and is associated with particle-hole asymmetry effects that are significant for sufficiently large g. In the fermionic regime, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}}^{2}$ represents the difference between the square of the excitation gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}$ and that of the superconducting order parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}^{2}.$ The parameter ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}}^{2},$ which is necessarily zero in the BCS (mean field) limit increases monotonically with the strength of the attractive interaction g. It follows that there is a significant physical distinction between this BCS-BEC crossover approach (in which g is the essential variable which determines ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{pg}})$ and the widely discussed phase fluctuation scenario in which the plasma frequency is the tuning parameter. Finally, we emphasize that in the strong coupling limit, there are important differences between the composite bosons that arise in crossover theories and the usual bosons of the (interacting) Bose liquid. Because of constraints imposed on the fermionic excitation gap and chemical potential, in crossover theories, the fermionic degrees of freedom can never be fully removed from consideration.
In this paper, we have investigated the effect of weak random disorder in the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer to Bose–Einstein condensation (BCS–BEC) crossover region. The disorder is included in the mean field formalism through Nozières–Smith-Rink (NSR) theory of superconducting fluctuations. A self-consistent numerical solution of the coupled equations involving the superfluid gap parameter and density as a function of the disorder strength, albeit unaffected in the BCS phase, yields a depleted order parameter in the BEC regime and an interesting nonmonotonic behaviour of the condensate fraction in the vicinity of the unitary region, and a gradual depletion thereafter, as the pairing interaction is continuously tuned across the BCS–BEC crossover. The unitary regime thus demonstrates a robust paradigm of superfluidity even when the disorder is introduced. To support the above feature and shed light on a lingering controversial issue, we have computed the behaviour of the sound mode across the crossover that distinctly reveals a suppression of the sound velocity. We also find the Landau critical velocity that shows similar nonmonotonicity as that of the condensate fraction data, thereby supporting a stable superfluid scenario in the unitary limit.
A perturbation method is developed for calculating the oscillating frequencies of collective modes of trapped superfluid Fermi gases from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Based on the complete and orthogonal eigenfunction set obtained recently and a series expansion of the equation of state beyond the mean-field approximation, the corrections of eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of all collective modes are given systematically, which are valid for various superfluid regimes in the BCS-BEC crossover beyond the mean-field approximation. Expressions of frequency correction of the collective modes for both spherical and axial symmetric traps excited near the BCS, BEC, and unitarity limits are provided explicitly, and their dependence on interatomic interaction strength and anisotropic trapping parameter is also discussed in detail.
We investigate the dynamical behavior of large-amplitude collective modes in a superfluid Fermi gas in the crossover from Bardeen--Cooper--Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) based on a hydrodynamic approach. We first solve the superfluid hydrodynamic equations that describe the time evolution of fermionic condensates in the BCS-BEC crossover and calculate explicitly the frequency shifts of the collective modes induced by nonlinear effects using the Lindstedt--Poincar\'e method. The result shows that the frequency shifts display different features in different superfluid regimes. We then study the second-harmonic generation of the collective modes under a phase-matching condition, which can be fulfilled by choosing appropriate parameters of the system. The analytical results obtained are checked by numerical simulations and good agreement is found.
Bragg spectroscopy shows the evolution of gapless Goldstone modes and single-particle-like excitations in an atomic Fermi superfluid as it crosses from a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid to the Bose–Einstein condensate regime. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a central paradigm of elementary particle physics1, magnetism2, superfluidity3 and superconductivity4. According to Goldstone’s theorem, phase transitions that break continuous symmetries lead to the existence of gapless excitations in the long-wavelength limit5. These Goldstone modes can become the dominant low-energy excitation, showing that symmetry breaking has a profound impact on the physical properties of matter. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the elementary excitations in a homogeneous strongly interacting Fermi gas through the crossover from a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of molecules using two-photon Bragg spectroscopy. The spectra exhibit a discrete Goldstone mode, associated with the broken-symmetry superfluid phase, as well as pair-breaking single-particle excitations. Our techniques yield a direct determination of the superfluid pairing gap and speed of sound in close agreement with strong-coupling theories.