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arXiv:2007.00851 · Chinese Physics Letters

Rabi Spectroscopy and Sensitivity of a Floquet Engineered Optical Lattice Clock

Mo-Juan Yin, Tao Wang, Xiaotong Lu, Ting Li, Yebing Wang, Xue‐Feng Zhang, Weidong Li, Augusto Smerzi, Hong Chang

Published Jul 1, 2021• 21 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We periodically modulate the lattice trapping potential of a 87 Sr optical clock to Floquet engineer the clock transition. In the context of atomic gases in lattices, Floquet engineering has been used to shape the dispersion and topology of Bloch quasi-energy bands. Differently from these previous works manipulating the external (spatial) quasi-energies, we target the internal atomic degrees of freedom. We shape Floquet spin quasi-energies and measure their resonance profiles with Rabi spectroscopy. We provide the spectroscopic sensitivity of each band by measuring the Fisher information and show that this is not depleted by the Floquet dynamical modulation. The demonstration that the internal degrees of freedom can be selectively engineered by manipulating the external degrees of freedom inaugurates a novel device with potential applications in metrology, sensing and quantum simulations.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/38/7/073201

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We periodically modulate the lattice trapping potential of a 87 Sr optical clock to Floquet engineer the clock transition. In the context of atomic gases in lattices, Floquet engineering has been used to shape the dispersion and topology of Bloch quasi-energy bands. Differently from these previous works manipulating the external (spatial) quasi-energies, we target the internal atomic degrees of freedom. We shape Floquet spin quasi-energies and measure their resonance profiles with Rabi spectroscopy. We provide the spectroscopic sensitivity of each band by measuring the Fisher information and show that this is not depleted by the Floquet dynamical modulation. The demonstration that the internal degrees of freedom can be selectively engineered by manipulating the external degrees of freedom inaugurates a novel device with potential applications in metrology, sensing and quantum simulations.
Quantum metrology with ultrahigh precision usually requires atoms prepared in an ultrastable environment with well-defined quantum states. Thus, in optical lattice clock systems deep lattice potentials are used to trap ultracold atoms. However, decoherence, induced by Raman scattering and higher order light shifts, can significantly be reduced if atomic clocks are realized in shallow optical lattices. On the other hand, in such lattices, tunneling among different sites can cause additional dephasing and strongly broadening of the Rabi spectrum. Here, in our experiment, we periodically drive a shallow ^{87}Sr optical lattice clock. Counterintuitively, shaking the system can deform the wide broad spectral line into a sharp peak with 5.4 Hz linewidth. With careful comparison between the theory and experiment, we demonstrate that the Rabi frequency and the Bloch bands can be tuned, simultaneously and independently. Our work not only provides a different idea for quantum metrology, such as building shallow optical lattice clock in outer space, but also paves the way for quantum simulation of new phases of matter by engineering exotic spin orbit couplings.
Accurately manipulating quantum states is a fundamental strategy for improving the performance of quantum metrology, computing, and simulation. However, the quantum state is susceptible to dephasing due to the temperature and density of the atomic ensembles. In this paper, we experimentally study the effect of Floquet engineering (FE) on the dephasing process in an 87Sr optical clock. By measuring the Rabi flopping process under different temperatures of the cold ensemble and numbers of atoms trapped in the lattice, our results show that the FE can suppress the dephasing due to high temperatures or a large number of atoms. Indeed, when the temperature and the number of atoms are 3.8 μK and 6300, respectively, the FE can obviously suppress the dephasing effect and improve the maximum excitation fraction of the Rabi spectrum by 15.4%.
Simulating physics with large SU(N)\mathrm{SU}(N)SU(N) symmetry is one of the unique advantages of alkaline-earth-metal atoms. Introducing periodical driving modes to the system may provide richer SU(N)\mathrm{SU}(N)SU(N) physics that the static one cannot reach. However, a discussion of whether or not the driving modes will break the SU(NNN) symmetry is still lacking. Here we experimentally study a Floquet engineered degenerate 87Sr^{87}\mathrm{Sr}87Sr optical lattice clock (OLC) by periodically modulating the frequency of the lattice laser. With the help of Rabi spectroscopy, we find that the atoms at different Zeeman sublevels are tuned by the same driven function. Meanwhile, our experimental results suggest that the uniform distribution among the sublevels does not change despite the driving. Our experimental demonstrations may pave the way for implementation of Floquet engineering on tailoring the SU(N)\mathrm{SU}(N)SU(N) physics in the OLC system.
The optical lattice clocks were proved to be a powerful tool for precision measurement, like measuring the gravitational redshift at tiny gravity potential difference and monitoring the crustal deformations with ultrahigh accuracy. The Floquet optical lattice clock utilizes a time periodical acoustic wave acting on the optical lattice potential. Those atoms trapped in the lattice site will be compelled to move slightly with the modulated potential. These micromotions generate a series of Floquet quasi-energies which the atomic spectra would present for us. In virtue of Floquet engineering optical lattice theoretical model, the periodic acoustic wave signal acting on the lattice potential could be extracted. In this paper, we propose a novel way for acoustic sensing based on a 87Sr Floquet optical lattice clock. It may assist the traditional acoustic sensing technology based on fiber in achieving higher signal-noise ratio and accuracy. From the clockmaker's point of view, it may help us monitoring the environmental acoustic noise caused by vibrations and calibrate in time, especially when the optical clock operating in a movable carrier both on earth and space, what is even more important.
The quantum metrology with ultra-high precision usually requires the atoms prepared in an ultra-stable environment with well-defined quantum states. Thus, the optical lattice clock system chooses deep lattice potential to trap the ultra-cold atoms. However, building atomic clock in shallow optical lattice can greatly reduce decoherence rate induced by Raman scattering as well as higher order light shift, but tunneling among the lattice sites will cause additional dephasing and strongly broadening of the Rabi spectrum. Here, we periodically drive the shallow 87^{87}87Sr optical lattice clock in the experiment. Counterintuitively, shaking the system can deform the wide broad spectral line into a sharp peak with 5.4Hz line-width. With careful comparison between the theory and experiment, we demonstrate the Rabi frequency and Bloch bands can be simultaneously and independently tuned by adjusting the driving frequency and amplitude. Our work not only provides a different idea for quantum metrology, such as building shallow optical lattice clock in outer space, but also paves the way for quantum simulation of new phase of matter, such as engineering exotic spin orbit coupling Hamiltonian.
We propose a Floquet-engineered optical lattice clock based demodulation scheme to enhance the low-frequency performance of wound fiber-optic vibration sensors. Vibration-induced phase variations in the sensing fiber are demodulated by the Floquet-engineered Rabi spectra of the clock transition. The lattice depth with the fiber length and the Floquet-engineered Rabi spectra under the vibration from 200 Hz down to 0.5 Hz are simulated. With a fiber length of 4 km and transmission loss of 2 dB/km, a phase change sensitivity higher than 6 * 10^3 rad per g is achieved at both vibration frequencies of 200 Hz and 0.5 Hz.