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Advanced Fiber Laser Conference (AFL)

A novel scheme for acoustic sensing based on a Floquet optical lattice clock

Mo-Juan Yin, Tao Wang, Hong CHANG

Published Mar 18, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The optical lattice clocks were proved to be a powerful tool for precision measurement, like measuring the gravitational redshift at tiny gravity potential difference and monitoring the crustal deformations with ultrahigh accuracy. The Floquet optical lattice clock utilizes a time periodical acoustic wave acting on the optical lattice potential. Those atoms trapped in the lattice site will be compelled to move slightly with the modulated potential. These micromotions generate a series of Floquet quasi-energies which the atomic spectra would present for us. In virtue of Floquet engineering optical lattice theoretical model, the periodic acoustic wave signal acting on the lattice potential could be extracted. In this paper, we propose a novel way for acoustic sensing based on a 87Sr Floquet optical lattice clock. It may assist the traditional acoustic sensing technology based on fiber in achieving higher signal-noise ratio and accuracy. From the clockmaker's point of view, it may help us monitoring the environmental acoustic noise caused by vibrations and calibrate in time, especially when the optical clock operating in a movable carrier both on earth and space, what is even more important.

DOI
10.1117/12.3023499

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The optical lattice clocks were proved to be a powerful tool for precision measurement, like measuring the gravitational redshift at tiny gravity potential difference and monitoring the crustal deformations with ultrahigh accuracy. The Floquet optical lattice clock utilizes a time periodical acoustic wave acting on the optical lattice potential. Those atoms trapped in the lattice site will be compelled to move slightly with the modulated potential. These micromotions generate a series of Floquet quasi-energies which the atomic spectra would present for us. In virtue of Floquet engineering optical lattice theoretical model, the periodic acoustic wave signal acting on the lattice potential could be extracted. In this paper, we propose a novel way for acoustic sensing based on a 87Sr Floquet optical lattice clock. It may assist the traditional acoustic sensing technology based on fiber in achieving higher signal-noise ratio and accuracy. From the clockmaker's point of view, it may help us monitoring the environmental acoustic noise caused by vibrations and calibrate in time, especially when the optical clock operating in a movable carrier both on earth and space, what is even more important.
Optical lattice clocks have an ultrahigh frequency accuracy that exceeds that of cesium atomic clocks by a few orders of magnitude, enabling quantum sensing of gravitational potential equivalent to an altitude difference of only 1 cm on the Earth's surface.An optical-lattice-clock network, in which multiple optical lattice clocks are interconnected by optical fibers, is expected to become a new infrastructure, such as for a real-time sensing network of crustal movements with 1-cm-level accuracy.In this article, we introduce the elemental technologies comprising an optical-lattice-clock network.We also report on the construction of the ultrahigh-precision optical frequency transmission fiber link in the Tokyo metropolitan area and the experiment to evaluate its transmission stability.
We propose a Floquet-engineered optical lattice clock based demodulation scheme to enhance the low-frequency performance of wound fiber-optic vibration sensors. Vibration-induced phase variations in the sensing fiber are demodulated by the Floquet-engineered Rabi spectra of the clock transition. The lattice depth with the fiber length and the Floquet-engineered Rabi spectra under the vibration from 200 Hz down to 0.5 Hz are simulated. With a fiber length of 4 km and transmission loss of 2 dB/km, a phase change sensitivity higher than 6 * 10^3 rad per g is achieved at both vibration frequencies of 200 Hz and 0.5 Hz.
We periodically modulate the lattice trapping potential of a 87 Sr optical clock to Floquet engineer the clock transition. In the context of atomic gases in lattices, Floquet engineering has been used to shape the dispersion and topology of Bloch quasi-energy bands. Differently from these previous works manipulating the external (spatial) quasi-energies, we target the internal atomic degrees of freedom. We shape Floquet spin quasi-energies and measure their resonance profiles with Rabi spectroscopy. We provide the spectroscopic sensitivity of each band by measuring the Fisher information and show that this is not depleted by the Floquet dynamical modulation. The demonstration that the internal degrees of freedom can be selectively engineered by manipulating the external degrees of freedom inaugurates a novel device with potential applications in metrology, sensing and quantum simulations.
Quantum metrology with ultrahigh precision usually requires atoms prepared in an ultrastable environment with well-defined quantum states. Thus, in optical lattice clock systems deep lattice potentials are used to trap ultracold atoms. However, decoherence, induced by Raman scattering and higher order light shifts, can significantly be reduced if atomic clocks are realized in shallow optical lattices. On the other hand, in such lattices, tunneling among different sites can cause additional dephasing and strongly broadening of the Rabi spectrum. Here, in our experiment, we periodically drive a shallow ^{87}Sr optical lattice clock. Counterintuitively, shaking the system can deform the wide broad spectral line into a sharp peak with 5.4 Hz linewidth. With careful comparison between the theory and experiment, we demonstrate that the Rabi frequency and the Bloch bands can be tuned, simultaneously and independently. Our work not only provides a different idea for quantum metrology, such as building shallow optical lattice clock in outer space, but also paves the way for quantum simulation of new phases of matter by engineering exotic spin orbit couplings.
Due to the excellent accuracy, the optical lattice clock (OLC) has not only achieved impressive results in frequency measurement but also gradually plays an important role in quantum precision measurement. In this paper, we propose a scheme for measuring gravity at the sub-millimeter scale extracted from the Rabi spectrum based on Super-Bloch oscillations of atoms in the OLC. Our proposal can be realized on the existing OLC platform without significant change. Under realistic existing experimental parameters of 87Sr OLC, we determine the optimal experimental conditions and obtain a sensitivity of 5μGal/Hz in the quantum projection noise limit, which is 50 times better than the previous method at the sub-millimeter scale under the same consideration. Another advantage of our proposal is that it is insensitive to the noise of the lattice laser, which contributes to the major uncertainty of the previous measurement (PRA 86, 033615). Our research will promote the development of OLC geoscopy.
Beyond hardware improvements, Floquet Engineering (FE), as a widely used Hamiltonian engineering method, offers new levels of control and promising opportunities for enhancing optical lattice clock performance. However, while FE shapes novel Hamiltonians, its time-periodic nature introduces micromotion, leading to periodic disturbances in the system, such as frequency shifts. In this work, we introduce a dual-modulation (DM) FE method, simultaneously driving the lattice and probing lasers, allowing independent control of atomic motional and electronic degrees of freedom. Using this framework, we theoretically predict and experimentally observe the micromotion shifts. Additionally, by tuning the DM modulation parameters appropriately, we can fully eliminate the Doppler shift caused by the lattice laser modulation. Building on this Doppler-free synchronization modulation, we observe the dynamic localization of atoms in a shallow lattice while eliminating the periodic interference from Doppler shifts. This study proposes a dual-modulation method for optical lattice clocks that synchronously modulates the lattice laser and probing laser to control atomic motion and light-atom interactions independently. The authors derive theoretically and verify experimentally the laws of micromotion shift, and achieving its effective suppression by optimizing modulation parameters.